week 14: 2014/06/09 ~ 2014/06/13

week 14: 2014/06/09 ~ 2014/06/13

part 1: unit 12 note - vocabulary skill:expressions

1. An expression is a group of words that are frequently used together to generate an image to communicate an idea. 
2. Sometimes they have a figurative meaning; that is, they are used to describe a situation in a colorful way, but they are not meant to be literally.
3. For example- eat your fill

• ‘’Eat your fill’’ means ‘’eat as much as you want or until you are full.’’
• Literally, you will fill your stomach.
• Simple sentence: After we had eaten our fill we rested in front of the fire. 

part 2: vocabulary

day 1     6/9

memorably     ad.     \ˈmem-rə-bəli\

sentence(in the article): When Edmund Blackadder memorably lamented, ‘Baldrick, to you the Renaissance was just something that happened to other people’, it was probably the citizens of Florence to whom he was referring. 

meaning: very good or interesting and worth remembering
simple sentence: To retain complex ideas requires that they be packaged memorably  for easy recall.
part of speech: 

• memorable     a.

lamented     a.     \lə-ˈmen-təd\

sentence(in the article): When Edmund Blackadder memorably lamented, ‘Baldrick, to you the Renaissance was just something that happened to other people’, it was probably the citizens of Florence to whom he was referring. 

meaning: deeply missed
simple sentence: Over the last five years the vast majority of articles on bilingual education   have lamented  its failure.
part of speech: 

• lamentedly     ad.

Renaissance     n.     \ˌre-nə-ˈsän(t)s, -ˈzän(t)s, -ˈsäⁿs, -ˈzäⁿs, ˈre-nə-ˌ, chiefly British ri-ˈnā-sən(t)s\

sentence(in the article): When Edmund Blackadder memorably lamented, ‘Baldrick, to you the Renaissance was just something that happened to other people’, it was probably the citizens of Florence to whom he was referring. 

meaning 1: the Renaissance : the period of European history between the 14th and 17th centuries when there was a new interest in science and in ancient art and literature especially in Italy
meaning 2: a situation or period of time when there is a new interest in something that has not been popular in a long time
meaning 3: a period of new growth or activity
simple sentence: The 19th-century literary renaissance that prompted people to refer to Boston as the Athens of America.

ingredients     n.     \in-ˈgrē-dē-ənt\

sentence(in the article): For nowhere else were the ingredients that enabled the Renaissance to flourish – a politically-active citizenry, a vigorous humanist movement and abundant wealth – better blended. 

meaning 1: one of the things that are used to make a food, product, etc.
meaning 2: a quality or characteristic that makes something possible
simple sentence: He uses only the finest ingredients in his cooking.

citizenry     n.     \-zən-rē also -sən-\

sentence(in the article): For nowhere else were the ingredients that enabled the Renaissance to flourish – a politically-active citizenry, a vigorous humanist movement and abundant wealth – better blended. 

meaning: all the citizens of a place
simple sentence: Their wealth presents a culture shock to the citizenry .

day 2     6/10

vigorous     a.     \ˈvi-g(ə-)rəs\

sentence(in the article): For nowhere else were the ingredients that enabled the Renaissance to flourish – a politically-active citizenry, a vigorous humanist movement and abundant wealth – better blended. 

meaning 1: healthy and strong

meaning 2: done with great force and energy

simple sentence: She remained vigorous into her nineties.

part of speech: 

vigorously     ad.

vigorousness     n.

humanist     n.     \ˈhyü-mə-ˌni-zəm, ˈyü-\

sentence(in the article): For nowhere else were the ingredients that enabled the Renaissance to flourish – a politically-active citizenry, a vigorous humanist movement and abundant wealth – better blended. 

meaning: a person having a strong interest in or concern for human welfare, values, and dignity.
simple sentence: Apple, on the other hand, comes across as profoundly humanist.

part of speech:

• humanism     n.

whereas     \hwer-ˈaz, wer-, (ˌ)(h)wər-\

sentence(in the article): Whereas elsewhere monarchs ruled their kingdoms as God’s representatives on earth, most of the Italian peninsula (Naples and the Papal States were exceptions) consisted of city-states in which power was shared between a greater or lesser number of the inhabitants. 

conj,
meaning: law : since it is true that

n.

meaning 1: an introductory statement of a formal document :  preamble

meaning 2: a conditional or qualifying statement

simple sentence: Whereas you chose to participate in this stupid prank, you will be held responsible as well.

elsewhere     ad.     \-ˌ(h)wer\

sentence(in the article): Whereas elsewhere monarchs ruled their kingdoms as God’s representatives on earth, most of the Italian peninsula (Naples and the Papal States were exceptions) consisted of city-states in which power was shared between a greater or lesser number of the inhabitants. 

meaning: in or to another place
simple sentence: The angry customer said he would take his business elsewhere.

 kingdom     n.     \ˈkiŋ-dəm\

sentence(in the article): Whereas elsewhere monarchs ruled their kingdoms as God’s representatives on earth, most of the Italian peninsula (Naples and the Papal States were exceptions) consisted of city-states in which power was shared between a greater or lesser number of the inhabitants. 

meaning 1: a country whose ruler is a king or queen
meaning 2: the spiritual world of which God is king
meaning 3: one of the three main divisions into which natural objects are classified
simple sentence: After Queen Mary I died, her half sister Elizabeth ruled the kingdom.

day 3     6/11

peninsula     n.     \pə-ˈnin(t)-s(ə-)lə, -shə-lə\

sentence(in the article): Whereas elsewhere monarchs ruled their kingdoms as God’s representatives on earth, most of the Italian peninsula (Naples and the Papal States were exceptions) consisted of city-states in which power was shared between a greater or lesser number of the inhabitants.

meaning: a piece of land that is almost entirely surrounded by water and is attached to a larger land area
simple sentence: They built their house on a narrow peninsula.

part of speech: 

• peninsular     a.

inhabitant     n.     \in-ˈha-bə-tənt\

sentence(in the article): Whereas elsewhere monarchs ruled their kingdoms as God’s representatives on earth, most of the Italian peninsula (Naples and the Papal States were exceptions) consisted of city-states in which power was shared between a greater or lesser number of the inhabitants.

meaning: a person or animal that lives in a particular place
simple sentence:T the inhabitants of the town don't like the tourists.

part of speech: 

• inhabit     v.

lesser     \ˈle-sər\

sentence(in the article): Whereas elsewhere monarchs ruled their kingdoms as God’s representatives on earth, most of the Italian peninsula (Naples and the Papal States were exceptions) consisted of city-states in which power was shared between a greater or lesser number of the inhabitants.

a.

meaning: of smaller size : of less strength, quality, or importance

ad.

meaning: less

simple sentence: The winner will receive $100; lesser amounts will be given to three runners-up.

feudal      a.     \ˈfyü-dəl\

sentence(in the article): Political life was therefore a good deal more complicated in Florence, Milan, Venice, Siena, and their like than it was in the feudal world of oath-making and obligation.

meaning: of or relating to feudalism
simple sentence: And it happens to continue to help undermine the feudal underpinning in a really positive way.

part of speech: 

• feudally     ad.

oath     n.     \ˈōth\

sentence(in the article): Political life was therefore a good deal more complicated in Florence, Milan, Venice, Siena, and their like than it was in the feudal world of oath-making and obligation.

meaning 1: a formal and serious promise to tell the truth or to do something

meaning 2: an offensive or rude word that is used to express anger, frustration, surprise, etc.

simple sentence: He uttered an oath and walked away.

day 4     6/12

obligation     n.     \ˌä-blə-ˈgā-shən\

sentence(in the article): Political life was therefore a good deal more complicated in Florence, Milan, Venice, Siena, and their like than it was in the feudal world of oath-making and obligation.

meaning 1: something that you must do because of a law, rule, promise, etc.

meaning 2:something that you must do because it is morally right

simple sentence: She believes that all people have a moral obligation to defend human rights.

part of speech: 

• obligate     v.

colourful     a.

sentence(in the article): In Italy, politics was a colourful and often bloody business.

meaning 1: having intense colour or richly varied colours
meaning 2: vivid, rich, or distinctive in character

simple sentence: Description the rainbow lorikeet is very colourful as its name suggests.

part of speech: 

• colourfully     ad.
• colourfulness     n.

bloody     \ˈblə-dē\

sentence(in the article): In Italy, politics was a colourful and often bloody business.

v.

meaning: to make (something) bloody

a.

meaning 1: smeared or stained with blood
meaning 2: containing or made up of blood
 meaning 3:accompanied by or involving bloodshed; especially : marked by great slaughter

simple sentence: He hit me and gave me a bloody nose.

part of speech: 

• bloodily     ad.
• bloodiness     n.

within     \wi-ˈthin, -ˈthin\

sentence(in the article): Within cities, the leading family or families held power and were prepared to use every means from ballot rigging to political assassination in their bid to keep it. 

n.

meaning: an inner place or area <revolt from within>

ad.

meaning 1: inside something
meaning 2: in someone's inner thoughts, feelings, etc.
preposition
meaning 1:  inside (a certain area or space)
meaning 2: inside (a group, company, society, etc.)
meaning 3: before the end of (a particular period of time)

simple sentence: We could hear sounds coming from within.

ballot     n.     \ˈba-lət\

sentence(in the article): Within cities, the leading family or families held power and were prepared to use every means from ballot rigging to political assassination in their bid to keep it. 

meaning 1: a ticket or piece of paper used to vote in an election
meaning 2: a process that allows people to vote in secret so that other people cannot see their votes
meaning 3: the total number of votes in an election
simple sentence: They cast their votes in a secret ballot.

day 5     6/13

assassination     v.     \ə-ˈsa-sə-ˌnāt\

sentence(in the article): Within cities, the leading family or families held power and were prepared to use every means from ballot rigging to political assassination in their bid to keep it. 

meaning: to kill (someone, such as a famous or important person) usually for political reasons
simple sentence: They discovered a secret plot to assassinate the governor.
part of speech: 

• assassination     n.
• assassinator      n.

bid     \ˈbid\

sentence(in the article): Within cities, the leading family or families held power and were prepared to use every means from ballot rigging to political assassination in their bid to keep it.

n.
meaning 1: an offer to pay a particular amount of money for something
meaning 2: an offer to do a job for a particular price
meaning 3: an attempt to win, get, or do something
v.
meaning 1: to offer to pay (a particular amount of money) for something that is being sold : to make a bid at an auction
meaning 2: to offer to do work for a particular price
meaning 3: to say how many points you are trying to win in a card game

simple sentence: I'll bid $100 for the lamp but no higher.
part of speech: 

• bidder     n.

chicanery     n.     \-ˈkān-rē, -ˈkā-nə-\

sentence(in the article): But, despite such chicanery, political fortunes could fall as well as rise: challenges came sometimes from the guilds who were the rulers’ social inferiors and at other times from jealous members of the rulers’ own class who might find themselves excluded from a share of political power.

meaning: actions or statements that trick people into believing something that is not true : deception or trickery
simple sentence: He wasn't above using chicanery to win votes.

inferiors    a.     \in-ˈfir-ē-ər\

sentence(in the article): But, despite such chicanery, political fortunes could fall as well as rise: challenges came sometimes from the guilds who were the rulers’ social inferiors and at other times from jealous members of the rulers’ own class who might find themselves excluded from a share of political power.

meaning 1: of poor quality : low or lower in quality
meaning 2: of little or less importance or value
meaning 3:low or lower in rank
simple sentence: These pearls are of inferior quality.
part of speech: 

• inferiority     n.
• inferiorly     ad.

guild     n.     \ˈgild\

sentence(in the article): But, despite such chicanery, political fortunes could fall as well as rise: challenges came sometimes from the guilds who were the rulers’ social inferiors and at other times from jealous members of the rulers’ own class who might find themselves excluded from a share of political power.

meaning: an organized group of people who have joined together because they share the same job or interest; especially : an association of people who made or sold goods in the Middle Ages
simple sentence: After his apprenticeship, he was able to join the stonemasons' guild.
part of speech: 

• guildship     n.

week 13: 2014/06/02 ~ 2014/06/06

week 13: 2014/06/02 ~ 2014/06/06

part 1:  unit 11 note - etymology

extra(extro) : extra

ex: extraordinary(a.), extrovert(n.), extracurricular(a.)

multi(mult) : many

ex: multimedia(n.), multiply(v.), multicultural(a.)

tect(teg) : cover

ex: detect(v.), protect(v.), tegument(n.)

inter : between

ex: internet(n.), interrupt(v.), intercede(v.)

gno(gnos, gn) : know, knowledge

ex: ignore(v.), precognition(n.), diagnose(v.)

part 2: vocabulary

day 1     6/2

flank     \ˈflaŋk\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

n.
meaning 1: the area on the side of an animal (such as a horse) between the ribs and the hip
meaning 2: the right or left side of a military formation
meaning 3: the side of something
v.
meaning: to be located on both sides of (something or someone)

simple sentence: She gently patted the horse's flank.
part of speech: 

slide     \ˈslīd\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

n.
meaning 1: a movement to a lower or worse state or condition
meaning 2: an act of moving along or over a surface by sliding
meaning 3: a structure with a slippery surface that children slide down
v.
meaning 1: to move smoothly along a surface
meaning 2: to slip and fall
meaning 3: to move over ice or snow smoothly and often in a way that cannot be controlled

simple sentence: The door slides open easily.

loading     n.     \ˈlō-diŋ\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

meaning 1: a cargo, weight, or stress placed on something
meaning 2: material used to load something :  filler
simple sentence: The accident was caused by an 18-wheeler with a loading in excess of the legal limit.
part of speech: 

edifice     n.     \ˈe-də-fəs\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

meaning: a large and usually impressive building (such as a church or government building)
simple sentence: The U.S. Capitol is one of our nation's most impressive edifices.
part of speech: 

• edificial     a.

basement     n.     \ˈbās-mənt\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

meaning: the part of a building that is entirely or partly below the ground
simple sentence: the part of a building that is entirely or partly below the ground
part of speech: 

• basementless     a.

day 2     6/3

magma     n.     \ˈmag-mə\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

meaning: hot liquid rock below the surface of the Earth
simple sentence: Magma can cool too rapidly for reaction to occur.

part of speech: 

• magmatic     a.

tectonic     a.     \tek-ˈtä-nik\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

meaning 1: geology : of or relating to changes in the structure of the Earth's surface

meaning 2: having a large and important effect

simple sentence: There has been a recent tectonic shift in voting patterns.

part of speech:

• tectonically     ad.

stratovolcano     n.     \ˌstra-tō-väl-ˈkā-(ˌ)nō, ˌstrā-, -vȯl-\

sentence(in the article):  However, examples of stratovolcanoes emplaced on active landslides are lacking and the possible effects on the volcano dynamics unknown.

meaning: a volcano composed of explosively erupted cinders and ash with occasional lava flows
simple sentence: Another type of classical cone-shaped volcano is the stratovolcano.

emplace     v.     \im-ˈplās\

sentence(in the article): However, examples of stratovolcanoes emplaced on active landslides are lacking and the possible effects on the volcano dynamics unknown.

meaning: to put into position <missiles emplaced around the city>
simple sentence: The plan is to emplace more guns on the ridge north of the camp.

landslide     n.     \ˈlan(d)-ˌslīd\

sentence(in the article): However, examples of stratovolcanoes emplaced on active landslides are lacking and the possible effects on the volcano dynamics unknown.

meaning 1: a large mass of rocks and earth that suddenly and quickly moves down the side of a mountain or hill
meaning 2: an election in which the winner gets a much greater number of votes than the loser
simple sentence: The earthquake triggered a landslide.

day 3     6/4

dynamic     \dī-ˈna-mik\

sentence(in the article): However, examples of stratovolcanoes emplaced on active landslides are lacking and the possible effects on the volcano dynamics unknown.

n.

meaning 1: the way that two or more people behave with each other because of a particular situation
meaning 2:something that causes change or growth in something else
meaning 3: dynamics : the science that studies motion and the forces that cause or stop motion

a.

meaning 1: always active or changing
meaning 2: having or showing a lot of energy
meaning 3: of or relating to energy, motion, or physical force

simple sentence: Group dynamics are important to consider.

part of speech: 

• dymanically     ad.

aeromagnetic     a.     \ˌer-ō-mag-ˈne-tik\

sentence(in the article): Here, we use aeromagnetic data to construct a three-dimensional model of the clay-rich basement of Etna volcano (Italy).

meaning: of, relating to, or derived from a study of the earth's magnetic field especially from the air <an aeromagnetic survey>
simple sentence: Lines in this cover show where gravity oe aeromagnetic  data have been modelled to constrain subsurface structure.

construct     \kən-ˈstrəkt\

sentence(in the article): Here, we use aeromagnetic data to construct a three-dimensional model of the clay-rich basement of Etna volcano (Italy).

n.

meaning: something (such as an idea or a theory) that is formed in people's minds

v.

meaning: to build or make (something physical, such as a road, bridge, or building)
simple sentence: They plan to construct a barn behind the house.

part of speech: 

• constructability     n.
• constructable     a.
• constructor    n.

three-dimensional     a.     \ˈthrē-də-ˈmench-nəl, -ˈmen(t)-shə-nəl also -dī-\

sentence(in the article):Here, we use aeromagnetic data to construct a three-dimensional model of the clay-rich basement of Etna volcano (Italy).

meaning 1: having or seeming to have length, width, and depth
meaning 2: having different qualities that are like the qualities of a real person
simple sentence: The story came alive chiefly because the characters were vividly three-dimensional.

part of speech: 

three-dimensionality     n.

clay     n.     \ˈklā\

sentence(in the article): Here, we use aeromagnetic data to construct a three-dimensional model of the clay-rich basement of Etna volcano (Italy).

meaning: a heavy, sticky material from the earth that is made into different shapes and that becomes hard when it is baked or dried
simple sentence: Had the feeling that the natives were of a different clay than us and that neither side would ever understand the other.

part of speech: 

• clayey     a.
• clayish     a.
• claylike     a.

day 4     6/5

pre-existing     a.     \ˌprē-ig-ˈzi-stiŋ\

sentence(in the article): We provide evidence for a large stratovolcano growing on a pre-existing basement landslide and show that the eastern Etna flank, which slides toward the sea irrespective of volcanic activity, moves coherently with the underlying landslide.

meaning: existing at an earlier time : existing before something else
simple sentence: According to one of my textbooks, 'preexisting' was spelled 'pre-existing' with the hyphen in between the two words.

irrespective     a.

sentence(in the article): We provide evidence for a large stratovolcano growing on a pre-existing basement landslide and show that the eastern Etna flank, which slides toward the sea irrespective of volcanic activity, moves coherently with the underlying landslide.

meaning: without regard to something else, especially something specified; ignoring or discounting (usually followed by of  )

simple sentence: Irrespective of my wishes, I should go.

part of speech: 

• irrespectively     ad.

coherently     ad.     \kō-ˈhir-ənt, -ˈher-li\

sentence(in the article): We provide evidence for a large stratovolcano growing on a pre-existing basement landslide and show that the eastern Etna flank, which slides toward the sea irrespective of volcanic activity, moves coherently with the underlying landslide.

meaning: logical and well-organized : easy to understand : able to talk or express yourself in a clear way that can be easily understood : working closely and well together

simple sentence:

part of speech: 

• coherent     a.

underlying     a     \ˌən-dər-ˈlī-iŋ\

sentence(in the article): We provide evidence for a large stratovolcano growing on a pre-existing basement landslide and show that the eastern Etna flank, which slides toward the sea irrespective of volcanic activity, moves coherently with the underlying landslide.

meaning: lying under or below something
simple sentence: The underlying differences between democracy and dictatorship.

lava     n.     \ˈlä-və, ˈla-\

sentence(in the article): The filling of the landslide depression by lava flows through time allows the formation of a stiffness barrier, which is responsible for the long-term migration of the magma pathways from the coast to the present-day Etna summit.

meaning: melted rock from a volcano
simple sentence: A flow of molten lava is dangerous.

part of speech: 

• lavalike     a.

day 5     6/6

stiffness     a.     \ˈstif\

sentence(in the article): The filling of the landslide depression by lava flows through time allows the formation of a stiffness barrier, which is responsible for the long-term migration of the magma pathways from the coast to the present-day Etna summit.

meaning 1: difficult to bend or move
meaning 2: painful to move or use; also : showing pain in movement or use
meaning 3:thick and difficult to stir or pour
simple sentence:
part of speech: 

• stiffish     a.
• stiffly    ad.

interpretation     n.     \in-ˌtər-prə-ˈtā-shən, -pə-\

sentence(in the article): These unexpected results provide a new interpretation clue on the causes of the volcanic instability processes and of the mechanisms of deflection and migration of volcanic conduits.

meaning 1: the act or result of explaining or interpreting something : the way something is explained or understood
meaning 2: a particular way of performing something
simple sentence:
part of speech: 

• interpretational    a.
• interpretative    a.
• interpretatively   ad.
• interpretive    a.
• interpretively   ad.

mechanism     n.     \ˈme-kə-ˌni-zəm\

sentence(in the article): These unexpected results provide a new interpretation clue on the causes of the volcanic instability processes and of the mechanisms of deflection and migration of volcanic conduits.

meaning 1: a piece of machinery : a mechanical part or group of parts having a particular function
meaning 2: a process or system that is used to produce a particular result
meaning 3:a way of acting, thinking, or behaving that helps or protects a person in a specified way
simple sentence: The camera's shutter mechanism is broken.
part of speech: 

deflection     n.     \di-ˈflek-shən, dē-\

sentence(in the article): These unexpected results provide a new interpretation clue on the causes of the volcanic instability processes and of the mechanisms of deflection and migration of volcanic conduits.

meaning: the act of changing or causing something to change direction
simple sentence: He scored with a deflection off another player's stick.

conduit     n.     \ˈkän-ˌdü-ət, -ˌdyü- also -dwət, -dət\

sentence(in the article): These unexpected results provide a new interpretation clue on the causes of the volcanic instability processes and of the mechanisms of deflection and migration of volcanic conduits.

meaning 1: a pipe or tube through which something (such as water or wire) passes
meaning 2: someone or something that is used as a way of sending something (such as information or money) from one place or person to another
simple sentence: Water flowed along the conduit to the fountain.
part of speech: 

week 12: 2014/05/26 ~ 2014/05/30

week 12: 2014/05/26 ~ 2014/05/30

part 1:  unit 10 note - reading skills: identifying rhetorical structure

• Rhetorical structure refers to the content and organization of a text as a whole. 

• If we can identify the rhetorical structure of a text, it can help us summarize it. 
• Some common rhetorical structures are

1. Description of a person, place, or thing
2. Classification of types of things into groups
3. Persuasion (trying to convince the reader to believe or do something)
4. Narrative (telling a story in chronological order)

• To identify the rhetorical structure of a text, ask yourself the following:

1. How does the author organize his or her main ideas?
2. Which examples and details does the author choose to include?
3. What point of view does the author have: positive, negative, or neutral?
4. What is the author’s purpose for writing?

part 2: vocabulary

day 1     5/26

out of the question

sentence(in the article): Driving is out of the question because of the high cost of fuel, and the subways are flooded because of rising sea levels.

meaning: Fig. not allowed; not permitted.
simple sentence: I'm sorry, but your taking my car is out of the question.

subway     n.     \ˈsəb-ˌwā\

sentence(in the article): Driving is out of the question because of the high cost of fuel, and the subways are flooded because of rising sea levels.

meaning:  a system of underground trains in a city : a road or passage for walking under a road, set of railroad tracks, etc.
simple sentence: I took the subway to midtown.

sea level     n.

sentence(in the article): Driving is out of the question because of the high cost of fuel, and the subways are flooded because of rising sea levels.

meaning: the horizontal plane or level corresponding to the surface of the sea at mean level between high and low tide.
simple sentence: Most scientists figured that the dinosaurs had been done in by a change of climate or a change in sea level.

entire     \in-ˈtī(-ə)r, ˈen-ˌ\

sentence(in the article): Entire cities have been abandoned.

n.
meaning: archaic :  the whole :  entirety
a.
meaning: complete or full : not lacking or leaving out any part

simple sentence: The war affected an entire generation of young Americans.
part of speech: 

• entire     ad.
• entireness     n.

abandon       \ə-ˈban-dən\

sentence(in the article): Entire cities have been abandoned.

n.
meaning: a feeling or attitude of wild or complete freedom
v.
meaning 1: to leave and never return to (someone who needs protection or help)
meaning 1: to leave and never return to (something)
meaning 3: to leave (a place) because of danger

simple sentence: They abandoned the car on a back road.
part of speech: 

• abandoner     n.
• abandonment     n.

day 2     5/27

population     n.     \ˌpä-pyə-ˈlā-shən\

sentence(in the article): In one sense, large populations are a sign of a successful civilization.

meaning 1: the number of people who live in a place
meaning 2: a group of people or animals of a particular kind that live in a place
simple sentence: The world's population has increased greatly.

part of speech: 

• populational     a.

civilization     n.     \ˌsi-və-lə-ˈzā-shən\

sentence(in the article): In one sense, large populations are a sign of a successful civilization.

meaning 1: the condition that exists when people have developed effective ways of organizing a society and care about art, science, etc.

meaning 2: a particular well-organized and developed society

meaning 3:all the societies of the world

simple sentence: We are studying ancient Greek civilization.

part of speech:

• civilizational     a.

growth     n.     \ˈgrōth\

sentence(in the article): Most population growth is linked to increases in material wealth and technological innovations.

meaning: a stage in the process of growing : a producing especially by growing <fruits of his own growth> : anticipated progressive growth especially in capital value and income <some investors prefer growth to immediate income>
simple sentence: He had a growth spurt when he was 16 years old.

link to

sentence(in the article): Most population growth is linked to increases in material wealth and technological innovations.

meaning:  to discover a connection between people and things, in any combination.
simple sentence: I would never have thought of linking Fred to Tom.

increase     \in-ˈkrēs, ˈin-ˌ\

sentence(in the article): Most population growth is linked to increases in material wealth and technological innovations.

n.
meaning: the act of becoming larger or of making something larger or greater in size, amount, number, etc.
v.
meaning: to make (something) larger or greater in size, amount, number, etc

simple sentence: The house increased in value.
part of speech: 

• increasable    a.
• increaser    n.

day 3     5/28

material     \mə-ˈtir-ē-əl\

sentence(in the article): Most population growth is linked to increases in material wealth and technological innovations.

n.

meaning: a substance from which something is made or can be made

a.

meaning 1: relating to or made of matter
meaning 2: physical rather than spiritual or intellectual
meaning 3: having real importance

simple sentence: He is concerned only with his own material comforts.

part of speech: 

• materially    ad.
• materialness    n.

wealth     n.     \ˈwelth also ˈweltth\

sentence(in the article): Most population growth is linked to increases in material wealth and technological innovations.

meaning: a large amount of money and possessions : the value of all the property, possessions, and money that someone or something has : a large amount or number
simple sentence: Her personal wealth is estimated to be around $10 billion.

part of speech: 

• wealthy     a.

technological     a.     \ˌtek-nə-ˈlä-ji-kəl\

sentence(in the article): Most population growth is linked to increases in material wealth and technological innovations.

meaning 1: of, relating to, or characterized by technology

meaning 2: resulting from improvements in technical processes that increase productivity of machines and eliminates manual operations or operations done by older machines

simple sentence: I wanted to better understand what to write for an assignment for my business class. the words "technological opportunities" were used together in a sentence.

part of speech: 

technologically     ad.

destruction     n.     \di-ˈstrək-shən\

sentence(in the article): In the case of the Maya, environmental destruction and deforestation led to a shortage of food, and starvation resulted.

meaning: the act or process of damaging something so badly that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired : the act or process of destroying something
simple sentence: War results in death and widespread destruction.

part of speech: 

• destructional     a.

deforestation     n.     \(ˌ)dē-ˌfȯr-ə-ˈstā-shən, -ˌfär-\

sentence(in the article): In the case of the Maya, environmental destruction and deforestation led to a shortage of food, and starvation resulted.

meaning: the act or result of cutting down or burning all the trees in an area
simple sentence: The deforestation of the island is serious.

part of speech: 

• deforest     v.

day 4     5/29

lead to

sentence(in the article): In the case of the Maya, environmental destruction and deforestation led to a shortage of food, and starvation resulted.

meaning: to guide someone or an animal to something or some place. 

simple sentence: Would you lead Paul to the place where the trunks are kept? 

starvation    n.     \stär-ˈvā-shən\

sentence(in the article): In the case of the Maya, environmental destruction and deforestation led to a shortage of food, and starvation resulted.

meaning  suffering or death caused by having nothing to eat or not enough to eat : the condition of someone who is starving
simple sentence: The famine brought mass starvation.

part of speech: 

• starve     v.

atmosphere     n.     \ˈat-mə-ˌsfir\

sentence(in the article): Heavy use of fossil fuels has filled the atmosphere with carbon dioxide and created a warming effect. 

meaning 1: the whole mass of air that surrounds the Earth
meaning 2: a mass of gases that surround a planet or star
meaning 3: the air in a particular place or area
simple sentence: Experts have noticed changes in the atmosphere.

part of speech: 

•  atmosphered     a.

carbon dioxide     n.

sentence(in the article): Heavy use of fossil fuels has filled the atmosphere with carbon dioxide and created a warming effect. 

meaning: a gas that is produced when people and animals breathe out or when certain fuels are burned and that is used by plants for energy
simple sentence: Carbon dioxide consists of one carbon and two oxygen atoms.

warm the bench

sentence(in the article): She never warms the bench. She plays from the beginning to the end.

meaning: , Sports. to serve as a substitute who rarely plays in a game

simple sentence: The young outfielder warmed the bench for the Yankees last season.

day 5     5/30

drought     n.     \ˈdrau̇t\

sentence(in the article): Droughts, harsh storms, and rising sea levels have resulted.

meaning: a long period of time during which there is very little or no rain
simple sentence:
part of speech: 

• droughtiness     n.
• droughty     a.

harsh     a.     \ˈhärsh\

sentence(in the article): Droughts, harsh storms, and rising sea levels have resulted.

meaning 1: unpleasant and difficult to accept or experience
meaning 2: having an unpleasant or harmful effect because of great strength or force : too intense or powerful
meaning 3: severe or cruel : not kind
simple sentence: The climate there is very harsh.
part of speech: 

• harshly     ad.
• harshness     n.

government     n.     \ˈgə-vər(n)-mənt, -və-mənt; ˈgə-bəm-ənt, -vəm-\

sentence(in the article): Fortunately, however, many governments and individuals are starting to take action.

meaning 1: the group of people who control and make decisions for a country, state, etc.
meaning 2: a particular system used for controlling a country, state, etc.
meaning 3: the process or manner of controlling a country, state, etc.
simple sentence: The government has been slow to react to the crisis.
part of speech: 

• governmental    a.
• governmentalize     v.
• governmentally     ad.

individual     \ˌin-də-ˈvij-wəl, -ˈvi-jə-wəl, -ˈvi-jəl, -ˈvi-jü-əl\

sentence(in the article): Fortunately, however, many governments and individuals are starting to take action.

n.
meaning 1: of, relating to, or existing as just one member or part of a larger group
meaning 2: having a special and unusual quality that is easily seen
a.
meaning 1: of, relating to, or existing as just one member or part of a larger group
meaning 2: having a special and unusual quality that is easily seen

simple sentence: What are the individual traits of the breed?
part of speech: 

• individually     ad.

take action

sentence(in the article): Fortunately, however, many governments and individuals are starting to take action.

meaning: to do something
simple sentence: Travelers want the airlines to take action to make flying safer and more comfortable.

week 11: 2014/05/19 ~ 2014/05/23

week 11: 2014/05/19 ~ 2014/05/23

part 1:  note - etymology

lev : lift, right, rise

ex: elevator(n.), relieve(v.), alleviate(v.)

agri(agro) : field, land

ex: agriculture(n.), agricultural(a.), agronomy(n.)

leg(lig, lect) : law, choose, read

ex: legislation(n.), legible(a.), illegal(a.)

trans : across

ex: transcript(n.), transfer(v.), transform(v.)

cub(cumb) : lie

ex: accumulate(n..), cubicle(n.), incumbent(n.)

part 2: vocabulary

day 1     5/19

Miss the boat     

sentence(in the article): We climbed a hill up through some trees and Delia asked me to keep an eye on the time, so we wouldn't miss the boat back.
meaning 1: to miss out (on something); to be ignorant (of something)
meaning 2: to have made an error; to be wrong
simple sentence: If you continue irresolute, you will miss the boat.

Mediocre     adj. 

sentence(in the article): Arizona’s recovery has moved from mediocre to okay.
meaning 1: of moderate or low quality, value, ability, or performance
meaning 2: not very good
simple sentence: Even qualification is mediocre, so long as you study hard, can be admitted to the good university.

Contemporary    

sentence(in the article): Now, thanks to the Internet, time-strapped contemporary lovers who feel trapped in the staid and traditional homes of the DMV can outfit their homes without ever leaving their couches.
n.
meaning 1: a person or thing living or existing at the same time as another
meaning 2: a person of roughly the same age as another
a.
meaning 1: living or occurring at the same time
meaning 2: belonging to or occurring in the present
meaning 3: following modern ideas or fashion in style or design

simple sentence: She is fascinated in contemporary art, and she wants to be an artist in the future.

Motivate     v.  

sentence(in the article): You can use that motivation, although I don’t think any of the players should need to be motivated.
meaning 1: provide (someone) with a motive for doing something
meaning 2: stimulate (someone's) interest in or enthusiasm for doing something

simple sentence:The coach motivates his players to constantly improve their own skills.

Significant     a.

sentence(in the article):At least a dozen U.S. National Security Agency employees have abused secret surveillance programs in the past decade, most often to spy on their significant others, according to the latest findings of the agency's internal watchdog.
meaning 1: sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention
meaning 2: noteworthy
meaning 3: having a particular meaning
meaning 4: indicative of something
meaning 5: suggesting a meaning or message that is not explicitly stated
simple sentence: Smiles are significant of pleasure.

day 2     5/20

Privilege      n. 

sentence(in the article): We could live in a country where success is based on ability not privilege.

meaning 1: a right or benefit that is given to some people and not to others

meaning 2: a special opportunity to do something that makes you proud

meaning 3: the advantage that wealthy and powerful people have over other people 

in a society

simple sentence: It is a great privilege to know you.  

costume

sentence(in the article): England does more period shows and in some costume houses you can probably go back to 1850 but you can't go much further back. 

n.
meaning 1: the clothes that are worn by someone (such as an actor) who is trying to 
look like a different person or thing
meaning 2: the clothes worn by a group of people especially during a particular time 
in the past
v.  
meaning 1: dress (someone) in a particular set of clothes.

simple sentence: She costumed a historical play for the drama.

colleague     n.

sentence(in the article): Believing that she was protesting about the smoking bit, my colleague innocently inquired whether one was not allowed to smoke in the open areas of the hotel or not.

meaning: a person with whom one works, esp. in a profession or business.  
simple sentence: A colleague of mine will be speaking at the conference.

Intellectual

sentence(in the article): People with intellectual disabilities have below-average mental function, which could be due to a range of causes, and a lack of necessary skills for daily living, according to the National Institutes of Health.

n.
meaning: a person possessing a highly developed intellect
a.
meaning 1: of or relating to the ability to think in a logical way
meaning 2: involving serious study and thought
meaning 3: of a person : smart and enjoying serious study and thought

simple sentence: Chess is a highly intellectual game.

excerpt

sentence(in the article): The excerpt below comes from our recent full-length interview with Brian Pereira, CEO of Visterra Inc.

n.
meaning: a short extract from a film, broadcast, or piece of music or writing
v.
meaning: take (a short extract) from a text

simple sentence: Several newspapers published excerpts from the book.

day 3     5/21

Stamina     n.

sentence(in the article): Power and stamina helped Iceland win all four of their Group 10 games, though coach Eyjólfur Sverrisson "did not expect" to go into a meeting with France top of the qualifying section.

meaning: the ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort
simple sentence: The stamina helped me to finish the difficult mission.

deprivation     n.

sentence(in the article): They identified the genes which are most susceptible to sleep deprivation and examined whether these genes are involved in the regulation of the immune system.

meaning 1: the state of being deprived of something
meaning 2: act of depriving someone of food or money or rights
meaning 3: the disadvantage that results from losing something
simple sentence: The deprivation of freedom made John commit suicide.

edge

sentence(in the article): Invesco Ltd.’s Robert Mikalachki invests in companies with an enduring edge on competitors.

n.
meaning 1: the outside limit of an object, area, or surface; a place or part farthest 
away from the center of something
meaning 2: the sharpened side of the blade of a cutting implements or weapon
meaning 3: a quality or factor that gives superiority over close rivals or competitors
v.
meaning 1: defeat by a small margin
meaning 2: (often be edged) provide with a border or edge [vi.]
meaning 3: move gradually, carefully, or furtively in a particular direction

simple sentence:Jolin brings a superior edge to the music.

glance

sentence(in the article): A cursory glance at the St. Louis Rams' injury report would lead one to think that the team has enjoyed great fortune in terms of health as the halfway point of the season nears.

n.
meaning 1: a brief or hurried look
meaning 2: a flash or gleam of light
v.
meaning 1: to take a quick look at
meaning 2: to give an oblique path of direction to throw or shoot so that the object 
glances from a surface

simple sentence: At first glance the problem seemed easy to solve.

benificial     a.

sentence(in the article): Bitcoin trading can be a beneficial profession for traders; however, for that traders need to buy Bitcoin and sell them to the people and earn in the exchange.

meaning 1: producing good or helpful results or effects
meaning 2: receiving or entitling one to receive advantage, use, or benefit (a beneficial legacy)
simple sentence:It would be beneficial to keep advocate the gender equality.

day 4     5/22

accumulate    v.

sentence(in the article): The decision by the Central Bank of China to no longer accumulate foreign exchange reserves in dollar has infuriated the United States, an analyst says.

meaning 1: to increase gradually in amount as time passes
meaning 2: to increase gradually in amount as time passes
simple sentence: The toxins accumulate in the brain.

Claustrophobia     n.

sentence(in the article): And as I suffer from claustrophobia – and was unable to lie down for pain – it was out of the question.

meaning 1: a fear of being in closed or small spaces
meaning 2: an unhappy or uncomfortable feeling caused by being in a situation that 
limits or restricts you
simple sentence: She is afraid of going in elevators, because she has claustrophobia.

disturced     a.

sentence(in the article): Finally, Assam has now been declared Maoist affected and the tag of 'disturbed area' has been extended.

meaning 1: having or showing evidence of a mental or emotional illness
meaning 2: worried and unhappy
simple sentence: I am disturbed about my final report.

slack

sentence(in the article): Urad and moong also ruled flat on slack demand, with urad (bold) at Rs 4,400-4,500, while urad (medium) ruled at Rs 3,800-4,000.

n. 
meaning 1: the part of a rope or line that is not held taut; the loose or unused part 
meaning 2: (slacks) casual trousers 
meaning 3: inf. a spell of inactivity or laziness 
v. 
meaning: loosen (something, esp. a rope) 
(a) reduce the intensity or speed of (something); slacken
(b) [intr.] (slack off) decrease in quantity or intensity 
(c) [intr.] (slack up) slow down
a.
meaning 1: not taut or held tightly in position; loose
meaning 2: (of business) characterized by a lack of work or activity; quiet 
meaning 3: (of a tide) neither ebbing nor flowing 
ad.
meaning: loosely

simple sentence: Business was rather slack.

slogan     n.

sentence(in the article): Manges said she does not necessarily favor keeping the current slogan, but it’s better than the alternative.

meaning: a word or phrase that is easy to remember and is used by a group or 
business to attract attention
simple sentence: "Safety first" is our slogan. 

day 5     5/23

formidable     a.     \ˈfȯr-mə-də-bəl; fȯr-ˈmi-, fər-ˈmi-\

sentence(in the article): The formidable hunter was just 15 feet away, silently watching them. 

meaning:  very powerful or strong : deserving serious attention and respect : very difficult to deal with : large or impressive in size or amount
simple sentence: The mountains were a formidable barrier.
part of speech: 

• formidability     n.
• formidableness      n.
• formidably      ad.

grunt     \ˈgrənt\

sentence(in the article): The cat made a quiet grunt and started to approach. 

n.
meaning 1: a short, low sound from the throat
meaning 2: a U.S. soldier especially in the Vietnam War
meaning 3: a person who does ordinary and boring work
v.
meaning 1: to make a short, low sound : to make a grunt
meaning 2: to say (something) with a grunt

simple sentence: She grunted a few words in reply, then turned and walked away.

snarl    \ˈsnär(-ə)l\

sentence(in the article): Jessie then snarled like a dog, looking directly at the mountain lion. 

n.
meaning 1: a tangle especially of hairs or thread :  knot
meaning 2:  a tangled situation <traffic snarls>
v.
meaning: to cause to become knotted and intertwined :tangle :  to make excessively complicated
simple sentence:  I described the tangled problem thread as "snarled."
part of speech: 

• snarler     n.
• snarly     a.

charge     \ˈchärj\

sentence(in the article): The big cat did not charge at the girls.

n.
meaning 1: an amount of electricity
meaning 2: the amount of an explosive material (such as dynamite) that is used in a single blast
meaning 3: the responsibility of managing or watching over something
v.
meaning 1: to give an amount of electricity to (something) : to put electricity into a battery so that a machine or device will run
meaning 2: to give a job or responsibility to (a person or group) : to make (a person or group) responsible for something
meaning 3: to formally accuse (someone) of a crime

simple sentence: He set off a charge that destroyed the mountain.

directly     ad.     \də-ˈrek(t)-lē, dī-, in sense 2 especially də-ˈrek-lē or ˈdrek-lē\

sentence(in the article): Jessie then snarled like a dog, looking directly at the mountain lion. 

meaning 1: in a direct way
meaning 2: in a straight or direct line from a particular position
meaning 3: without delay
simple sentence: He refused to answer the question directly.
part of speech: 

• direct    a.