week 13: 2014/06/02 ~ 2014/06/06

week 13: 2014/06/02 ~ 2014/06/06

part 1:  unit 11 note - etymology

extra(extro) : extra

ex: extraordinary(a.), extrovert(n.), extracurricular(a.)

multi(mult) : many

ex: multimedia(n.), multiply(v.), multicultural(a.)

tect(teg) : cover

ex: detect(v.), protect(v.), tegument(n.)

inter : between

ex: internet(n.), interrupt(v.), intercede(v.)

gno(gnos, gn) : know, knowledge

ex: ignore(v.), precognition(n.), diagnose(v.)

part 2: vocabulary

day 1     6/2

flank     \ˈflaŋk\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

n.
meaning 1: the area on the side of an animal (such as a horse) between the ribs and the hip
meaning 2: the right or left side of a military formation
meaning 3: the side of something
v.
meaning: to be located on both sides of (something or someone)

simple sentence: She gently patted the horse's flank.
part of speech: 

slide     \ˈslīd\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

n.
meaning 1: a movement to a lower or worse state or condition
meaning 2: an act of moving along or over a surface by sliding
meaning 3: a structure with a slippery surface that children slide down
v.
meaning 1: to move smoothly along a surface
meaning 2: to slip and fall
meaning 3: to move over ice or snow smoothly and often in a way that cannot be controlled

simple sentence: The door slides open easily.

loading     n.     \ˈlō-diŋ\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

meaning 1: a cargo, weight, or stress placed on something
meaning 2: material used to load something :  filler
simple sentence: The accident was caused by an 18-wheeler with a loading in excess of the legal limit.
part of speech: 

edifice     n.     \ˈe-də-fəs\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

meaning: a large and usually impressive building (such as a church or government building)
simple sentence: The U.S. Capitol is one of our nation's most impressive edifices.
part of speech: 

• edificial     a.

basement     n.     \ˈbās-mənt\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

meaning: the part of a building that is entirely or partly below the ground
simple sentence: the part of a building that is entirely or partly below the ground
part of speech: 

• basementless     a.

day 2     6/3

magma     n.     \ˈmag-mə\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

meaning: hot liquid rock below the surface of the Earth
simple sentence: Magma can cool too rapidly for reaction to occur.

part of speech: 

• magmatic     a.

tectonic     a.     \tek-ˈtä-nik\

sentence(in the article): The flanks of volcanoes may slide in response to the loading of the edifice on a weak basement, magma push, and/or to tectonic stress.

meaning 1: geology : of or relating to changes in the structure of the Earth's surface

meaning 2: having a large and important effect

simple sentence: There has been a recent tectonic shift in voting patterns.

part of speech:

• tectonically     ad.

stratovolcano     n.     \ˌstra-tō-väl-ˈkā-(ˌ)nō, ˌstrā-, -vȯl-\

sentence(in the article):  However, examples of stratovolcanoes emplaced on active landslides are lacking and the possible effects on the volcano dynamics unknown.

meaning: a volcano composed of explosively erupted cinders and ash with occasional lava flows
simple sentence: Another type of classical cone-shaped volcano is the stratovolcano.

emplace     v.     \im-ˈplās\

sentence(in the article): However, examples of stratovolcanoes emplaced on active landslides are lacking and the possible effects on the volcano dynamics unknown.

meaning: to put into position <missiles emplaced around the city>
simple sentence: The plan is to emplace more guns on the ridge north of the camp.

landslide     n.     \ˈlan(d)-ˌslīd\

sentence(in the article): However, examples of stratovolcanoes emplaced on active landslides are lacking and the possible effects on the volcano dynamics unknown.

meaning 1: a large mass of rocks and earth that suddenly and quickly moves down the side of a mountain or hill
meaning 2: an election in which the winner gets a much greater number of votes than the loser
simple sentence: The earthquake triggered a landslide.

day 3     6/4

dynamic     \dī-ˈna-mik\

sentence(in the article): However, examples of stratovolcanoes emplaced on active landslides are lacking and the possible effects on the volcano dynamics unknown.

n.

meaning 1: the way that two or more people behave with each other because of a particular situation
meaning 2:something that causes change or growth in something else
meaning 3: dynamics : the science that studies motion and the forces that cause or stop motion

a.

meaning 1: always active or changing
meaning 2: having or showing a lot of energy
meaning 3: of or relating to energy, motion, or physical force

simple sentence: Group dynamics are important to consider.

part of speech: 

• dymanically     ad.

aeromagnetic     a.     \ˌer-ō-mag-ˈne-tik\

sentence(in the article): Here, we use aeromagnetic data to construct a three-dimensional model of the clay-rich basement of Etna volcano (Italy).

meaning: of, relating to, or derived from a study of the earth's magnetic field especially from the air <an aeromagnetic survey>
simple sentence: Lines in this cover show where gravity oe aeromagnetic  data have been modelled to constrain subsurface structure.

construct     \kən-ˈstrəkt\

sentence(in the article): Here, we use aeromagnetic data to construct a three-dimensional model of the clay-rich basement of Etna volcano (Italy).

n.

meaning: something (such as an idea or a theory) that is formed in people's minds

v.

meaning: to build or make (something physical, such as a road, bridge, or building)
simple sentence: They plan to construct a barn behind the house.

part of speech: 

• constructability     n.
• constructable     a.
• constructor    n.

three-dimensional     a.     \ˈthrē-də-ˈmench-nəl, -ˈmen(t)-shə-nəl also -dī-\

sentence(in the article):Here, we use aeromagnetic data to construct a three-dimensional model of the clay-rich basement of Etna volcano (Italy).

meaning 1: having or seeming to have length, width, and depth
meaning 2: having different qualities that are like the qualities of a real person
simple sentence: The story came alive chiefly because the characters were vividly three-dimensional.

part of speech: 

three-dimensionality     n.

clay     n.     \ˈklā\

sentence(in the article): Here, we use aeromagnetic data to construct a three-dimensional model of the clay-rich basement of Etna volcano (Italy).

meaning: a heavy, sticky material from the earth that is made into different shapes and that becomes hard when it is baked or dried
simple sentence: Had the feeling that the natives were of a different clay than us and that neither side would ever understand the other.

part of speech: 

• clayey     a.
• clayish     a.
• claylike     a.

day 4     6/5

pre-existing     a.     \ˌprē-ig-ˈzi-stiŋ\

sentence(in the article): We provide evidence for a large stratovolcano growing on a pre-existing basement landslide and show that the eastern Etna flank, which slides toward the sea irrespective of volcanic activity, moves coherently with the underlying landslide.

meaning: existing at an earlier time : existing before something else
simple sentence: According to one of my textbooks, 'preexisting' was spelled 'pre-existing' with the hyphen in between the two words.

irrespective     a.

sentence(in the article): We provide evidence for a large stratovolcano growing on a pre-existing basement landslide and show that the eastern Etna flank, which slides toward the sea irrespective of volcanic activity, moves coherently with the underlying landslide.

meaning: without regard to something else, especially something specified; ignoring or discounting (usually followed by of  )

simple sentence: Irrespective of my wishes, I should go.

part of speech: 

• irrespectively     ad.

coherently     ad.     \kō-ˈhir-ənt, -ˈher-li\

sentence(in the article): We provide evidence for a large stratovolcano growing on a pre-existing basement landslide and show that the eastern Etna flank, which slides toward the sea irrespective of volcanic activity, moves coherently with the underlying landslide.

meaning: logical and well-organized : easy to understand : able to talk or express yourself in a clear way that can be easily understood : working closely and well together

simple sentence:

part of speech: 

• coherent     a.

underlying     a     \ˌən-dər-ˈlī-iŋ\

sentence(in the article): We provide evidence for a large stratovolcano growing on a pre-existing basement landslide and show that the eastern Etna flank, which slides toward the sea irrespective of volcanic activity, moves coherently with the underlying landslide.

meaning: lying under or below something
simple sentence: The underlying differences between democracy and dictatorship.

lava     n.     \ˈlä-və, ˈla-\

sentence(in the article): The filling of the landslide depression by lava flows through time allows the formation of a stiffness barrier, which is responsible for the long-term migration of the magma pathways from the coast to the present-day Etna summit.

meaning: melted rock from a volcano
simple sentence: A flow of molten lava is dangerous.

part of speech: 

• lavalike     a.

day 5     6/6

stiffness     a.     \ˈstif\

sentence(in the article): The filling of the landslide depression by lava flows through time allows the formation of a stiffness barrier, which is responsible for the long-term migration of the magma pathways from the coast to the present-day Etna summit.

meaning 1: difficult to bend or move
meaning 2: painful to move or use; also : showing pain in movement or use
meaning 3:thick and difficult to stir or pour
simple sentence:
part of speech: 

• stiffish     a.
• stiffly    ad.

interpretation     n.     \in-ˌtər-prə-ˈtā-shən, -pə-\

sentence(in the article): These unexpected results provide a new interpretation clue on the causes of the volcanic instability processes and of the mechanisms of deflection and migration of volcanic conduits.

meaning 1: the act or result of explaining or interpreting something : the way something is explained or understood
meaning 2: a particular way of performing something
simple sentence:
part of speech: 

• interpretational    a.
• interpretative    a.
• interpretatively   ad.
• interpretive    a.
• interpretively   ad.

mechanism     n.     \ˈme-kə-ˌni-zəm\

sentence(in the article): These unexpected results provide a new interpretation clue on the causes of the volcanic instability processes and of the mechanisms of deflection and migration of volcanic conduits.

meaning 1: a piece of machinery : a mechanical part or group of parts having a particular function
meaning 2: a process or system that is used to produce a particular result
meaning 3:a way of acting, thinking, or behaving that helps or protects a person in a specified way
simple sentence: The camera's shutter mechanism is broken.
part of speech: 

deflection     n.     \di-ˈflek-shən, dē-\

sentence(in the article): These unexpected results provide a new interpretation clue on the causes of the volcanic instability processes and of the mechanisms of deflection and migration of volcanic conduits.

meaning: the act of changing or causing something to change direction
simple sentence: He scored with a deflection off another player's stick.

conduit     n.     \ˈkän-ˌdü-ət, -ˌdyü- also -dwət, -dət\

sentence(in the article): These unexpected results provide a new interpretation clue on the causes of the volcanic instability processes and of the mechanisms of deflection and migration of volcanic conduits.

meaning 1: a pipe or tube through which something (such as water or wire) passes
meaning 2: someone or something that is used as a way of sending something (such as information or money) from one place or person to another
simple sentence: Water flowed along the conduit to the fountain.
part of speech: