week 4: 2014/03/24~2014/03/28

week 4: 2014/03/24 ~ 2014/03/28

part 1: unit 5 note - etymology

in(en, em, im) : in

ex: insight(n.), indoor(a.), implant(v.)

dis(di, dif) : not, apart

ex: disfiguring(a.), dishonest(a.), dissect(v.)

ity : state, condition

ex: ability(n.), reality(n.), flexibility(n.)

vol : wish

ex: volunteer(n.), voluntary(a.), volition(n.)

sub(su, suc, suf, sug, sum, sup, sur, sus) : under 

ex: suggest(v.), submarine(n.), subtitle(n.)

part 2: vocabulary

day 1     3/24

come down with

sentence(in the article): ...like I'm coming down with something,.... 

meaning: to start to suffer from an infectious disease
simple sentence: Become ill with, as in The whole family came down with the flu .

digit     n.      \ˈdi-jət\

sentence(in the article): But I can lie on my bed and remember every digit.

meaning 1: a written symbol for any of the numbers 0 to 9
meaning 2: a finger or toe
simple sentence: She suffered several broken digits.
part of speech: 

disfigure     v.     \dis-ˈfi-gyər\

sentence(in the article): ...a disfiguring chicken pox of the soul.

meaning: to spoil or damage the appearance of (something or someone)
simple sentence: The statue was seriously disfigured by falling rubble during the earthquake.
part of speech: 

• disfiqurer     n.
• undisfiqured     a.

drain     \ˈdrān\

sentence(in the article): ...all the dark blue speed drained out of it.

n.
meaning 1: something (such as a pipe) that is used for removing a liquid from a place or container
meaning 2: something that uses a lot of time, money, etc.
v.
meaning 1: to remove (liquid) from something by letting it flow away or out
meaning 2: of a container : to become empty of a liquid
meaning 3: of a liquid : to flow into, away from, or out of something

simple sentence: Drain the canned tomatoes before adding them to the pot.
part of speech: 

• drainable     a.
• drainer     n.
• overdrain     v.
• undrainable     a.
• undrained     a.
• well-drained     a.

insight     n.     \ˈin-ˌsīt\

sentence(in the article): Billy Collins is an American poet who provides readers with insights into ordinary life experiences.

meaning 1: the ability to understand people and situations in a very clear way
meaning 2: an understanding of the true nature of something
simple sentence: He is a leader of great insight.

day 2     3/25

look back

sentence(in the article): You tell me it is too early to be looking back,...

meaning:  to review past events; return in thought

simple sentence: When I look back on our school days, it seems as if they were a century ago.

psyche     n.     \ˈsī-kē\

sentence(in the article): ...a mumps of the psyche,...

meaning: the soul, mind, or personality of a person or group
simple sentence: Disturbing, enigmatic paintings that seem to embody the psyche of this brilliant but troubled artist.

simplicity      n.     \sim-ˈpli-sə-tē, -ˈplis-tē\

sentence(in the article): ...the prefect simplicity of being one...

meaning 1: the quality of being easy to understand or use

meaning 2: the state or quality of being plain or not fancy or complicated

meaning 3: something that is simple or ordinary but enjoyable

simple sentence: People like the simplicity of the instructions.

part of speech: 

• nonsimplicity     n.

• oversimplicity     n.

• supersimplicity     n.

skin     \ˈskin\

sentence(in the article): I skin my knees.

n.
meaning 1: the natural outer layer of tissue that covers the body of a person or animal
meaning 2: the skin of an animal that has been removed from the body often with its hair or feathers still attached and that is used to make things (such as clothes)
meaning 3: the outer covering of a fruit, vegetable, etc.
v.
meaning 1: to remove the skin of (an animal, fruit, or vegetable)
meaning 2: to scrape or rub off some of the skin from (a body part)
a.
meaning: devoted to showing nudes <skin magazines>

simple sentence: These snakes shed their skins once a year.
part of speech: 

• skinlike     a.
• underskin     n.
• unskinned     a.

solemnly     ad.     \ˈsä-ləmli\

sentence(in the article): Back then it never fell so solemnly...

meaning 1:  very serious or formal in manner, behavior, or expression
meaning 2: sad and serious
meaning 3: done or made sincerely
simple sentence: Never again, it was solemnly proclaimed, should the markets rely on the word of the agencies.
part of speech: 

• solemn     a.
• solemnness     n.
• oversolemn    a.
• oversolemnly    ad.
• oversolemnness     n.

day 3     3/26

soul     \ˈsōl\

sentence(in the article):  ...a disfiguring chicken pox of the soul.

n.

meaning 1: the spiritual part of a person that is believed to give life to the body and in many religions is believed to live forever

meaning 2: a person's deeply felt moral and emotional nature

meaning 3: the ability of a person to feel kindness and sympathy for others, to appreciate beauty and art, etc.

a.

meaning 1: of, relating to, or characteristic of black Americans or their culture

meaning 2: designed for or controlled by blacks

simple sentence: He could not escape the guilt that he felt in the inner recesses of his soul.

part of speech: 

• soullike     a.

• undersoul     n.

turn     \ˈtərn\

sentence(in the article): ...time to turn the first big number.

n.

meaning 1: an opportunity or responsibility to do or use something before or after other people

meaning 2: an act of turning something around a central point

meaning 3: an act of changing the direction that someone or something is facing or moving in

v.

meaning 1: to move around a central point

meaning 2: to cause your body or a part of your body to face a different direction

meaning 3: to cause (something or a side of something) to face an opposite or different direction

simple sentence: You have to wait your turn in line.

part of speech: 

• turnable     a.
• half-turned     a.
• unturnable     a.
• unturned     a.

wizard     \ˈwi-zərd\

sentence(in the article): At four I was an Arabian wizard.

n.

meaning 1: a person who is skilled in magic or who has magical powers 

meaning 2: a sorcerer or magician

meaning 3: a person who is very good at something

a.

meaning 1: (archaic) having magical influence or power

meaning 2: (archaic) of or relating to wizardry

meaning 3: (chiefly British) worthy of the highest praise

simple sentence: He is a wizard at math.

part of speech: 

• wizardlike     a.

anticipate     v.     \an-ˈti-sə-ˌpāt\

sentence(in the article): People who can anticipate two or three bonus decades, free from the stresses of raising children and paying the bills, will find themselves with the time to pursue activities that feed the soul. 

meaning 1: to think of (something that will or might happen in the future)

meaning 2: to expect or look ahead to (something) with pleasure 

meaning 3: to look forward to (something)

meaning 4: to do something before someone else

simple sentence: The cost turned out to be higher than anticipated.

part of speech: 

• anticipatable     a.
• anticipator     n.
• preanticipate     v.
• unanticipated     a.
• unanticipating     a.

breakthrough      \breyk-throo\

sentence(in the article): Whether continuing to make breakthroughs in nuclear physics or just playing the role of a nuclear physicist on television, older people are already changing the rules of aging.  

n.
meaning 1: a military movement or advance all the way through and beyond an enemy's front-line defense

meaning 2: an act or instance of removing or surpassing an obstruction or restriction; the overcoming of a stalemate

meaning 3: any significant or sudden advance, development, achievement, or increase, as in scientific knowledge or diplomacy, that removes a barrier to progress

a.

meaning:constituting a breakthrough: engineered with breakthrough technology

simple sentence: The president reported a breakthrough in the treaty negotiations.

day 4     3/27

in sum     

sentence(in the article): In sum, it seems that the lifestyle that leads to a long life is one that is full of pleasurable and meaningful activities.

meaning: in short :  briefly
simple sentence: This interpretation does little, in sum, to add to our understanding.

likelihood     n.     \ˈlī-klē-ˌhu̇d\

sentence(in the article): According to Dan Buettner, the author of Blue Zone, a book about the areas of the world where people are most likely to live long and healthy lives, there are four factors that seem to continue to the likelihood that someone will celebrate a triple-digit birthday.

meaning 1: the state of being likely or probable; probability.

meaning 2: a probability or chance of something: 

meaning 3: (Archaic). indication of a favorable end; promise.

simple sentence: There is a strong likelihood of his being elected.

part of speech: 

• superlikelihood     n.

one thing leads to another

sentence(in the article): One thing leads to another, and today Wasserman has a second career as an actor.

meaning 1: an event or activity results in another that you have usually not planned

simple sentence: I agreed to help him paint the house, and one thing led to another until I ended up helping him fix his kitchen.

pursue     v.     \pər-ˈsü, -ˈsyü\

sentence(in the article): People who can anticipate two or three bonus decades, free from the stresses of raising children and paying the bills, will find themselves with the time to pursue activities that feed the soul. 

meaning 1: to follow and try to catch or capture (someone or something) for usually a long distance or time

meaning 2: to try to get or do (something) over a period of time

meaning 3: to be involved in (an activity)

simple sentence: Hounds pursued the fox for miles.

part of speech: 

• pursuable     a.
• outpursue      v.
• repursue     v.
• unpursuable     a.
• unpursued     a.

spare     \ˈsper\

sentence(in the article): In his spare time, he plays basketball and ping-pong, and he has recently begun learning how to play the guitar. 

n.

meaning 1: something extra that is kept to be used if it is needed

meaning 2: (bowling) the achievement of knocking down all 10 pins with the first two balls

v.

meaning 1: to choose not to punish or harm (someone)

meaning 2: to not destroy or harm (something)

meaning 3: to prevent (someone or something) from experiencing or being affected by something unpleasant, harmful, etc.

a.

meaning 1: kept as something extra that can be used if it is needed
meaning 2: available to be used in whatever way you want

meaning 3: not needed by you and available to be shared or given to someone else

simple sentence: If that one breaks, I've got a spare.

part of speech: 

• spareable     a.
• sparely     ad.
• spareness     n.
• sparer     n.
• unspared     a.

day 5     3/28

strenuous     a.     \ˈstren-yə-wəs\

sentence(in the article): Another benefit to cultivating food at home is that home gardeners get regular, yet not overly strenuous, exercise.

meaning 1: characterized by vigorous exertion, as action, efforts, life, etc.: a strenuous afternoon of hunting.
meaning 2: demanding or requiring vigorous exertion; laborious
meaning 3: vigorous, energetic, or zealously active: a strenuous person; a strenuous intellect.
simple sentence: To think deeply is a strenuous task.
part of speech: 

• strenuously     ad.
• strenuousness     n.     
• quasi-strenuous     a.
• quasi-strenuously     ad.     
• superstrenuous     a.     

take up     v.

sentence(in the article): Fern continues to volunteer, while Benny has taken up writing.

meaning 1: to occupy oneself with the study or practice of
b.
meaning 2: (Obsolete) to arrest (especially a runaway slave).
meaning 3: (Chiefly British) to clear by paying off, as a loan.
meaning 4: to buy as much as is offered
meaning 5: to accept, as an offer or challenge.
meaning 6: to adopt seriously
meaning 7: to deal with in discussion
meaning 7: to make tighter, as by winding in
meaning 8: to make shorter, as by hemming
meaning 9: to absorb
meaning 10: to assume
meaning 11: to reply to in order to reprove
meaning 12: to continue; resume
meaning 13: to lift or pick up
meaning 14: to begin to advocate or support; sponsor
meaning 15: to consume; use up; absorb
meaning 16: to occupy; cover
simple sentence: She took up painting in her spare time.

volunteer      \ˌvä-lən-ˈtir\

sentence(in the article): Fern was volunteering at the local library and hospital, and they both had many books to read.

n.
meaning 1: a person who chooses to join the military
meaning 2: a person who does work without getting paid to do it
v.
meaning 1: to offer to do something without being forced to or without getting paid to do it
meaning 2: to choose to join the military
meaning 3: to give (something) without being forced to or without getting paid for it
a.
meaning: of, relating to, or done by volunteers

simple sentence: Volunteers are needed to help with the bake sale.
part of speech: 

• prevolunteer     n./v.
• unvolunteering     a.

centenarian     \ˌsen-tə-ˈner-ē-ən, -ˈne-rē-\

sentence(in the article): In fact, the number of centenarians is expected to double in the next fifteen years.

n.
meaning: a person who has reached the age of 100.
a.
meaning: pertaining to or having lived 100 years.
simple sentence: He was incredibly sprightly and forceful, especially for a centenarian .

longevity     n.     \län-ˈje-və-tē, lȯn-\

sentence(in the article): According to Buettner, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables, squashes, and beans are all part of the longevity.

meaning 1: a long individual life; great duration of individual life
meaning 2: the length or duration of life
meaning 3: length of service, tenure, etc.; seniority
simple sentence: Our family is known for its longevity.

week 3: 2014/03/17~2014/03/21

week 3: 2014/03/17 ~ 2014/03/21

part 1: unit 4 note - etymology

ex(e, ef, ec) : out

ex: emerge(v.), education(v.), exit(v.)

dia : through

ex: diagnosis(n.), diagonal(a.), dialogue(n.)

meter : measure

ex: centimeter(n.), diameter(n.), kilometer(n.)

eco : environment, nature, house

ex: ecosystem(n.), ecology(n.), economic(n.)

sequ(secut) : follow, second

ex: consecutive(a.), persecutor(n.), obsequious(a.)

part 2: vocabulary

day 1     3/17

assume   v.     \ə-ˈsüm\

sentence(in the article): Scientists assume that at one time a redwood giant reached 400 feet and lived for 4,000 years, but they have yet to find one.

meaning 1: to think that something is true or probably true without knowing that it is true
meaning 2: to begin (a role, duty, etc.) as a job or responsibility
meaning 3: to take or begin to have (power, control, etc.) in a job or situation
simple sentence: I assumed he was coming, so I was surprised when he didn't show up.
part of speech: 

• assumer     n.
• overassume     v.
• preassume     v.
• reassume     v.

diameter     n.     \dī-ˈa-mə-tər\

sentence(in the article): Ancient survivor in a world in which change can happen suddenly, these tall trees survived the fall of a giant meteor that left a hole that was miles wide in diameter and may have killed the last of the dinosaurs.

meaning 1: a straight line from one side of something (such as a circle) to the other side that passes through the center point
meaning 2: the distance through the center of something from one side to the other
simple sentence: The dotted line indicates the diameter of the circle.

ecosystem     n.     \-ˌsis-təm\

sentence(in the article): Biologists and tree experts keep its exact location a secret in order to protect the ecosystem around the tree.

meaning: everything that exists in a particular environment
simple sentence: Milburn advised publishers to "know your ecosystem ."

emerge     v.     \i-ˈmərj\

sentence(in the article): The dead places become gardens where new plants emerge.

meaning 1:  to become known or apparent
meaning 2: to become known or regarded as something
meaning 3: to rise or appear from a hidden or unknown place or condition : to come out into view
simple sentence: The facts emerged after a lengthy investigation.
part of speech: 

• reemerge     v.
• unemerged     a.

frontier     n.     \ˌfrən-ˈtir, ˈfrən-ˌ, frän-ˈ, ˈfrän-ˌ\

sentence(in the article): The area where they start, called the crown, is a new frontier for scientists.

meaning 1: a border between two countries
meaning 2: a distant area where few people live
meaning 3: the limits of knowledge in a particular field
simple sentence: the frontier between Canada and the U.S.

day 2     3/18

giant     \ˈjī-ənt\

sentence(in the article): Ancient survivor in a world in which change can happen suddenly, these tall trees survived the fall of a giant meteor that left a hole that was miles wide in diameter and may have killed the last of the dinosaurs.

n.

meaning 1: a legendary creature usually thought of as being an extremely large and powerful person

meaning 2: a person or thing that is very large, powerful, or successful

a.

meaning 1: very large 

meaning 2: much larger or more powerful than normal

simple sentence: The giant sycamore tree that dwarfs our house is almost 250 years old.

part of speech: 

• giantlike     a.

limb     \ˈlim\

sentence(in the article): Now, mountain climbing techniques and tools allow then to climb into the trees to study the various species of plant and animal life that make their homes on the trees' limbs.

n.

meaning 1: a part or member of an animal body distinct from the head and trunk

meaning 2: a large or main branch of a tree.

meaning 3: a projecting part or member

meaning 4: a person or thing regarded as a part, member, branch, offshoot, or scion of something

meaning 5: Archery. the upper or lower part of a bow.

meaning 6: Informal. a mischievous child, imp, or young scamp.

meaning 7: Astronomy . the edge of the disk of the sun, a moon, or a planet.

meaning 8: the graduated edge of a quadrant or similar instrument.

meaning 9:Botany .

• the upper spreading part of a gamopetalous corolla.
• the expanded portion of a petal, sepal, or leaf.

v.

meaning : to cut the limbs from (a felled tree)

simple sentence: Others have described every charred and dismembered limb .

manage     \ˈma-nij\

sentence(in the article): Scientists are just beginning to understand why these remarkable trees have managed to survive for so long and grow so tall.

n.

meaning 1: 

• archaic :  the action and paces of a trained riding horse
• the schooling or handling of a horse
• a riding school

meaning 2: obsolete :  management

v.

meaning 1: to have control of (something, such as a business, department, sports team, etc.)

meaning 2: to take care of and make decisions about (someone's time, money, etc.)

meaning 3: to direct the professional career of (someone, such as an entertainer or athlete)

meaning 4:  to conduct the management of <poorly managed diabetes>

simple sentence: The business is managed by the owner's daughter.

part of speech: 

• overmanage     v.
• quasi-managed     a.
• self-managing     a.
• undermanage     v.
• undermanaged     a.

penetrate     v.     \ˈpe-nə-ˌtrāt\

sentence(in the article): The dead branch is still part of the tree, but as it rots, insects and other plants penetrate the dead wood and complete the process of creating a soil-like environment full of minerals.

meaning 1: to go through or into something
meaning 2: to see or show the way through (something)
meaning 3: to succeed in becoming part of (an organization, a community, etc.)
simple sentence: The roots of these plants have been known to penetrate to a depth of more than 15 feet.
part of speech: 

• penetrator      n.
• prepenetrate     v.
• unpenetrated     a.

rot     \ˈrät\

sentence(in the article): The dead branch is still part of the tree, but as it rots, insects and other plants penetrate the dead wood and complete the process of creating a soil-like environment full of minerals.

n.
meaning 1: the process of rotting or the condition that results when something rots
meaning 2: foolish words or ideas
v.
meaning: to slowly decay or cause (something) to decay

simple sentence: Eating too much candy can rot your teeth.
part of speech: 

• half-rotted    a.
• unrotted    a.

day 3     3/19

alert     \ə-ˈlərt\

sentence(in the article): For the first time since the move, I felt alive, alert to the forest around me and the movements of the horse.

n.

meaning 1: something (such as a message or loud sound) that tells people there is some danger or problem

meaning 2: the state of being ready for something you have been warned about (such as an attack)

v.

meaning 1:  to give (someone) important information about a possible problem, danger, etc. : to warn (someone)

meaning 2: to make (someone) aware of something

a.

meaning: able to think clearly and to notice things

simple sentence: He was tired and had trouble staying alert while he was driving.

part of speech: 

• alertly     ad.
• alertness     n.
• hyperalert     a.
• unalerted     a.

bush     \ˈbu̇sh\

sentence(in the article): I was beginning to wish I had stayed hone with my book when a gap opened up between some bushes.

n.

meaning 1: a low plant with many branches that arise from or near the ground.

meaning 2: a small cluster of shrubs appearing as a single plant.

meaning 3: something resembling or suggesting this, as a thick, shaggy head of hair.

meaning 4: Also called bush lot. Canadian. a small, wooded lot, especially a farm lot with trees left standing to provide firewood, fence posts, etc.

meaning 5: the tail of a fox; brush.

meaning 6: Geography . a stretch of uncultivated land covered with mixed plant growth, bushy vegetation, trees, etc.

meaning 7: a large uncleared area thickly covered with mixed plant growth, trees, etc., as a jungle.

meaning 8: a large, sparsely populated area most of which is uncleared, as areas of Australia and Alaska.

meaning 9: a tree branch hung as a sign before a tavern or vintner's shop.

meaning 10: any tavern sign.

meaning 11: Slang: Vulgar. pubic hair.

meaning 12: Archaic. a wineshop.

v.

meaning 1: to be or become bushy; branch or spread as or like a bush.
verb (used with object)

meaning 2: o cover, protect, support, or mark with a bush or bushes.

a.

meaning: falling below acceptable standards

simple sentence: Picking the bush  baby totem, for example, creates fast, nimble characters.

part of speech: 

• bushless     a.
• bushlike     a.

cylinder     n.     \ˈsi-lən-dər\

sentence(in the article): The trunk was a thick cylinder that grew straight up for about 20 feet and then sent out broad limbs that reached to the edge of the clearing.

meaning 1: 

• the surface traced by a straight line moving parallel to a fixed straight line and intersecting a fixed planar closed curve
• a solid or surface bounded by a cylinder and two parallel planes cutting all its elements; especially :  right circular cylinder

meaning 2: a cylindrical body or space: as

• the turning chambered breech of a revolver
• (1) :  the piston chamber in an engine (2) :  a chamber in a pump from which the piston expels the fluid
•  any of various rotating members in a press (as a printing press); especially :  one that impresses paper on an inked form
• a cylindrical clay object inscribed with cuneiform inscriptions

simple sentence: The axis- cylinder  processes of its cells form the motor root of the trigeminal   nerve.

part of speech: 

• cylinderlike     a.

desperately     ad.     \ˈdes-p(ə-)rət-lē, -pərt-\

sentence(in the article): Desperately, I grabbed at it and tried to hang on, but her weight ripped it out of my hand.

meaning 1: in a desperate manner <struggling desperately>

meaning 2: extremely, terribly <desperately tired> <desperately important>

simple sentence: All of a sudden everything went desperately wrong.

foliage     n.     \ˈfō-lē-ij\

sentence(in the article): Branches were hitting me in the face leaving bits of foliage in my hair.

meaning 1: a representation of leaves, flowers, and branches for architectural ornamentation

meaning 2: the aggregate of leaves of one or more plants

meaning 3: a cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches

simple sentence: Leaves tumble into low spots, filling earthy troughs with foliage .

part of speech: 

• foliaged     a.
• unfoliaged     a.

day 4     3/20

gap     \ˈgap\

sentence(in the article): I was beginning to wish I had stayed hone with my book when a gap opened up between some bushes.

n.

meaning 1:  a space between two people or things

meaning 2: a hole or space where something is missing

meaning 3: a missing part

meaning 4: (medical) a break in continuity especially of structure : hiatus

v.

meaning 1: to make an opening in

meaning 2: to adjust the space between the electrodes of (a spark plug)

meaning 3: to fall or stand open

simple sentence: The child had a gap between her two front teeth.

grab     \ˈgrab\

sentence(in the article): Rhonda grabbed one of the lower branches and swung herself into the tree.

n.

meaning 1: a quick attempt to take or get something

meaning 2: the act of taking something in a forceful or illegal way

v.

meaning 1: to quickly take and hold (someone or something) with your hand or arms

meaning 2: to take or get (something) in a quick and informal way

meaning 3: to get the attention or interest of (someone or something)

a.

meaning 1: intended to be grabbed <a grab rail>

meaning 2: taken at random <grab samples of rocks>

simple sentence: I have to go back in the house and grab my car keys.

part of speech: 

• grabbable     a.
• ungrabing     a.

gravity     n.     \ˈgra-və-tē\

sentence(in the article): There was a crash and then another as gravity pulled her to Earth, her blonde head bouncing as her body hit tree limb after tree limb on the way down.

meaning 1: a very serious quality or condition 

meaning 2: the condition of being grave or serious

meaning 3: the natural force that tends to cause physical things to move towards each other 

meaning 4: the force that causes things to fall towards the Earth

simple sentence: The hospital waiting room was filled with the kind of gravity that inevitably accompanies worry.

part of speech: 

• nongravity     n.

layer     \ˈlā-ər, ˈler\

sentence(in the article): The pine was smaller, but it had layers of branches radiating out from the trunk.

n.

meaning 1: an amount of something that is spread over an area

meaning 2: a covering piece of material or a part that lies over or under another

meaning 3: a bird that lays eggs

v.

meaning 1: to form or arrange parts or pieces of something on top of each other : 

meaning 2: to form or arrange (something) in layers

simple sentence: Everything was covered by a thin layer of sand.

part of speech: 

• layerable     a.
• interlayer     n./v.
• nonlayered     a.

lean     \ˈlēn\

sentence(in the article): I leaned way back on Gunther and managed not to slide off.

n.

meaning 1: the act or an instance of leaning :  inclination
meaning 2: the part of meat that consists principally of lean muscle

v.

meaning 1: 

• to incline, deviate, or bend from a vertical position
• to cast one's weight to one side for support

meaning 2: to rely for support or inspiration

meaning 3: to incline in opinion, taste, or desire <leaning toward a career in chemistry>

meaning 4: to make lean

a.

meaning 1: not having much fat on the body : physically thin, strong, and healthy

meaning 2: containing little or no fat

meaning 3: not having or producing much money, food, etc.

simple sentence: All of the marathoners are extremely lean.

part of speech: 

• leanly     ad.
• leanness     n.

day 5     3/21

leap     \ˈlēp\

sentence(in the article): I saw a frog leaped from one rock to another.

n.
meaning 1: a long or high jump
meaning 2: the distance that a person or animal jumps
meaning 3: a great and sudden change, increase, or improvement
v.
meaning 1: to jump from a surface
meaning 2: to jump over (something)
meaning 3: to move quickly

simple sentence: She made a graceful leap into the air.
part of speech: 

• leaper     n.

shrug     \ˈshrəg\

sentence(in the article): When I pointed out that we couldn't get to the branches, she shrugged.

n.
meaning 1:  an act of shrugging
meaning 2: a woman's small waist-length or shorter jacket
v.
meaning: to raise and lower your shoulders usually to show that you do not know or care about something

simple sentence: I asked if he wanted to go out to dinner, and he just shrugged.
part of speech: 

• unshrugging     a.

swing     \ˈswiŋ\

sentence(in the article): Rhonda grabbed one of the lower branches and swung herself into the tree.

n.
meaning 1: an act of moving something with a quick, sweeping motion : an act of swinging a bat, fist, etc.
meaning 2: the movement of something that swings backward and forward or from side to side
meaning 3: a usually sudden change from one state or condition to another
v.
meaning 1: to move backward and forward or from side to side while hanging from something
meaning 2: to move with a smooth, curving motion
meaning 3: to move (your arm, a tool, etc.) with a quick, curving motion especially to try to hit something
a.
meaning 1: of or relating to the style of jazz music called swing
meaning 2: not certain to vote for a particular candidate or party in an election and therefore often able to decide the result of the election

simple sentence: The sheets swung on the clothesline.
part of speech: 

• swingable     a.

tangle     \ˈtaŋ-gəl\

sentence(in the article): Then she disappeared in a tangle of branches.

n.
meaning 1: a tangled condition or situation.
meaning 2: a tangled or confused mass or assemblage of something.
meaning 3: a confused jumble: a tangle of contradictory statements.
meaning 4:Informal. a conflict; disagreement
v.
meaning 1: to bring together into a mass of confusedly interlaced or intertwisted threads, strands, or other like parts; snarl.
meaning 2: to involve in something that hampers, obstructs, or overgrows
meaning 3: to catch and hold in or as if in a net or snare.
meaning 4: to be or become tangled.
meaning 5: Informal. to come into conflict; fight or argue

simple sentence: The bushes were tangled with vines.
part of speech: 

• tanglement     n.
• tangler     n.
• tangly     ad.

work (one's) way

sentence(in the article): She turned and worked her way down the branch toward the white birch.

meaning: Exert oneself to proceed in a particular direction; also, finance a project by working. For example, The painters are working their way from the top floor to the basement , or I'm trying to work my way into the publishing world , or She's working her way through college . [Second half of 1800s]

simple sentence: "We know, Mr. Weller--we, who are men of the world--that a good uniform must work its way with the women, sooner or later." ---Charles Dickens

week 2: 2014/03/10 ~ 2014/03/14

week 2: 2014/03/10 ~ 2014/03/14

part 1: unit 3 note - etymology

man(main) : hand

ex: manipulate(v.), mandate(v.), command(v.)

pel(puls) : push

ex: impulsive(a.), compel(v.), repel(v.)

pro : forward

ex: proceed(v.), propose(v.), prominent(a.)

sed(sess, set, sid, sit) : sit

ex: situation(n.), sedate(a./v.), president(n.)

vid(vis) : see, look

ex: vision(n.), video(n.), supervisor(n.)

part 2: vocabulary

day 1     3/10

consideration     n.     \kən-ˌsi-də-ˈrā-shən\

sentence(in the article): ...:basic consideration for others.

meaning 1: a desire to avoid doing something that will make another person sad, upset, angry, etc.
meaning 2: something that you think about when you make a choice or decision
meaning 3: careful thought : the act of thinking carefully about something you will make a decision about
simple sentence: You should give some serious consideration to your retirement plans.
part of speech: 

• nonconsideration     n.
• overconsideration     n.
• preconsideration     n.
• subconsideration     n.

grief     n.     \ˈgrēf\

sentence(in the article): I think children need to express feelings like grief, anger, fear, and hurt just as mush as happiness.

meaning 1: deep sadness caused especially by someone's death
meaning 2: a cause of deep sadness
meaning 3: trouble or annoyance
simple sentence: He has been unable to recover from his grief at his son's death.
part of speech: 

• griefless     a.
• grieflessness     n.

helpless     n.     \ˈhel-pləs\

sentence(in the article): Infants are completely helpless.

meaning 1: not protected : not able to defend yourself
meaning 2: unable to do something to make a situation, task, etc., better or easier
meaning 3: not able to be controlled
simple sentence: The civilians were helpless against their attackers.
part of speech: 

• helplessly     ad.
• helplessness     n.

impulsive     a.     \im-ˈpəl-siv\

sentence(in the article): They are still emotional, impulsive, and curious little creatures who have always needed training to become productive members of society.

meaning 1:  doing things or tending to do things suddenly and without careful thought

meaning 2: acting or tending to act on impulse
meaning 3: done suddenly and without planning
meaning 4: resulting from a sudden impulse
simple sentence: She's impulsive and often does things that she later regrets.

part of speech: 

• impulsively     ad.
• impulsiveness     n.
• nonimpulsive     a.
• nonimpulsively     ad.
• nonimpulsiveness     n.

manipulate     v.     \mə-ˈni-pyə-ˌlāt\

sentence(in the article): At the age of two or three, they also develop skills for manipulating adults.

meaning 1: to move or control (something) with your hands or by using a machine
meaning 2: medical : to move (muscles and bones) with your hands as a form of treatment
meaning 3: to use or change (numbers, information, etc.) in a skillful way or for a particular purpose
simple sentence: The mechanical arms are manipulated by a computer.
part of speech: 

• manipulatable     a.
• manipulatory     a.
• nonmanipulative     a.
• nonmanipulatory     a.
• outmanipulate     v.

day 2     3/11

manners     pln.      \ˈmænəz\

sentence(in the article): So it sounds like you are talking about manners.

meaning 1: social conduct
meaning 2: a social acceptable way of behaving
simple sentence: He has the manners of a pig.

proceed     v.      \prō-ˈsēd, prə-\

sentence(in the article): The minute they sit down at the table, they proceed to scream.

meaning 1: to continue to do something
meaning 2: to continue being done
meaning 3: to do something after you have done something else
simple sentence: After the interruption, she proceeded with her presentation.

part of speech:

• proceeder     n.
• reproceed     v.

reinforce     v.     \ˌrē-ən-ˈfȯrs\

sentence(in the article): It just reinforces the bad behavior.

meaning 1: to strengthen (a group of people) with new supplies or more people
meaning 2:  to strengthen (something, such as clothing or a building) by adding more material for support
meaning 3: to encourage or give support to (an idea, behavior, feeling, etc.)
simple sentence: The bad weather forecast only reinforces our decision to leave early tomorrow.

part of speech: 

• reinforcer     n.
• self-reinforcing     a.
• unreinforced     a.

slam     \ˈslam\

sentence(in the article): On the other hands, I also have patients who never say hello, scream at the top of their lungs, and slam doors.

n.
meaning 1: a forceful impact that makes a loud noise
meaning 2: the noise made by the forceful impact of two objects
meaning 3: winning all or all but one of the tricks in bridge
meaning 4: an aggressive remark directed at a person like a missile and intended to have a telling effect
v.
meaning 1: strike violently
meaning 2: throw violently
meaning 3: close violently
meaning 4: dance the slam dance

simple sentence: He slammed the book on the table.

wail     \ˈwāl\

sentence(in the article): They wail loudly to call for food when they are hungry, and they writhe and kick when they are in pain.

n.
meaning 1: a long cry of sadness or pain
meaning 2: a long, high sound
v.
meaning 1: to make a loud, long cry of sadness or pain
meaning 2: to make a long, high sound

meaning 3: to complain in a loud voice

simple sentence: The child started wailing after she stumbled and fell.
part of speech: 

• wailer     n.
• wailingly     ad.
• unwailed     a.
• unwailing     a.

day 3     3/12

writhe     \ˈrīth\

sentence(in the article): They wail loudly to call for food when they are hungry, and they writhe and kick when they are in pain.
n.

meaning : a writhing movement; a twisting of the body, as in pain.

v.

meaning : to twist your body from side to side

simple sentence: She lay on the floor, writhing in pain.

part of speech: 

• writher     n.
• writhingly     ad.

authoritative     a.     \ə-ˈthär-ə-ˌtā-tiv, ȯ-, -ˈthȯr-\

sentence(in the article): I steady my voice and reach for a low, authoritative octave.

meaning 1: having or showing impressive knowledge about a subject
meaning 2: having the confident quality of someone who is respected or obeyed by other people

simple sentence: The book is an authoritative guide to the city's restaurants.

part of speech: 

• authoritatively     ad.
• authoritativeness     n.
• nonauthoritative    a.
• nonauthoritatively     ad.
• nonauthoritativeness     n.

jerk     \ˈjərk\

sentence(in the article):
n.

meaning 1: a stupid person or a person who is not well-liked or who treats other people badly
meaning 2: a quick pull or twist
meaning 3: a sudden sharp movement
meaning 4:(medical) an involuntary spasmodic muscular movement due to reflex action; especially : one induced by an external stimulus—see

v.

meaning 1: to give a quick suddenly arrested push, pull, or twist to
meaning 2: to propel or move with or as if with a quick suddenly arrested motion
meaning 3: to mix and serve (as sodas) behind a soda fountain
meaning 4: to make a sudden spasmodic motion
meaning 5: to move in short abrupt motions or with frequent jolts
meaning 6: to preserve (meat) in long sun-dried slices

simple sentence: Most of the kids are nice, but some are jerks.

part of speech: 

• jerker     n.
• jerkingly     ad.

moan     \ˈmōn\

sentence(in the article): I start to chase her as she chases him, but give up when he looks pleadingly into my eyes, moaning ''STOaaaooop.''

n.

meaning 1: a long, low sound that someone makes because of pain, unhappiness, or physical pleasure
meaning 2: a long, low sound
meaning 3: a complaint about something

v.

meaning 1: to make a long, low sound because of pain, unhappiness, or physical pleasure
meaning 2: to express unhappiness about something
meaning 3: to say (something) in a way that shows pain or unhappiness

simple sentence: He moaned with pleasure as she rubbed his back.

part of speech: 

• moanful     a.
• moanfully     ad.
• moaningly     ad.
• unmoaned     a.
• unmoaning     a.

pleading     n.     \plee-ding\

sentence(in the article): The key takeaway is that the relaxed pleading requirement will now make it easier for employees to withstand an employer’s pre-answer motion to dismiss as plaintiffs can be less precise in pleading a whistle-blower retaliation claim.

meaning 1: the act of asking for something in a serious and emotional way

meaning 2: (law) one of the formal, usually written statements made by the two sides of a legal case in a court of law

simple sentence: 'm tired of their begging and pleading.

part of speech: 

• pleadingly     ad.
• pleadingness     n.
• nonpleading     a.
• nonpleadingly     ad.
• unpleading     a.

day 4     3/13

poll     \ˈpōl\

sentence(in the article): I consider taking a playground poll as to whether I should ''get out'' and, if I choose not to, does this, in fact, make me a ''bad woman''?

n.

meaning 1: an activity in which several or many people are asked a question or a series of questions in order to get information about what most people think about something
meaning 2: the record of votes that were made by people in an election
meaning 3: the number of votes made in an election

v.

meaning 1: to ask (several or many people) a question or a series of questions in order to get information about what most people think about something
meaning 2: to receive (a specified number or percentage of votes) in an election

simple sentence: A recent poll shows a decrease in the number of teenagers who smoke.

part of speech: 

• pollable     a.
• poller     n.
• repolling     a.

propel     v.     \prə-ˈpel\

sentence(in the article): She propels him forward with ease, though he can't be a light load with his sand toys, [and]school stuff....

meaning 1: to drive, or cause to move, forward or onward
meaning 2: to impel or urge onward

simple sentence: Urgent need of money propelled him to take a job.

part of speech: 

• unpropelled     a.

remainder     \ri-ˈmān-dər\

sentence(in the article): I walk the remainder of the way well outside his field of stroller vision....

n.

meaning 1: the remainder : the part that is left when the other people or things are gone, used, etc.

meaning 2: (mathematics) the number that is left when one number is subtracted from another number

meaning 3: the number that is left over when one number does not divide evenly into another number

v.

meaning : to sell (a book) at a reduced price because not many copies are being sold and no more copies will be produced

simple sentence: 2 subtracted from 5 gives a remainder of 3.

remedy     \ˈre-mə-dē\

sentence(in the article): Mrs. X whips out her keys and proceeds to remedy the situation.

n. (plural: remedies)
meaning 1: a medicine or treatment that relieves pain or cures a usually minor illness
meaning 2: a way of solving or correcting a problem
meaning 3: (medical) a medicine, application, or treatment that relieves or cures a disease

v.

meaning : to solve, correct, or improve (something)

simple sentence: The conflict can be remedied by scheduling the meeting for next week.

part of speech: 

• nonremedy     n.
• unremedied     a.

sob     \ˈsäb\

sentence(in the article): He throws himself onto the floor sobbing, lost in grief.

n.

meaning 1: an act of sobbing
meaning 2: a sound like that of a sob

v.

meaning 1: to cry noisily while taking in short, sudden breaths
meaning 2: to say (something) while sobbing

simple sentence: He began to sob uncontrollably.

part of speech: 

• sobber      n.
• sobbingly     ad.
• sobful     a.

day 5     3/14

steady

sentence(in the article): I steady my voice and reach for a low, authoritative octave.

n.
meaning : the only person you are having a romantic relationship with : the person you are going steady with
v.
meaning 1: to keep (something or someone) from moving, shaking, falling, etc.
meaning 2: to cause (something) to stop changing, increasing, decreasing, etc.
a.
meaning 1: firmly placed or fixed; stable in position or equilibrium: a steady ladder.
meaning 2: even or regular in movement: the steady swing of the pendulum.
meaning 3: free from change, variation, or interruption; uniform; continuous: a steady diet of meat and potatoes; a steady wind.
meaning 4: constant, regular, or habitual: a steady job.
meaning 5: free from excitement or agitation; calm: steady nerves.
meaning 6: firm; unfaltering: a steady gaze; a steady hand.
meaning 7: steadfast or unwavering; resolute: a steady purpose.
meaning 8: settled, staid, or sober, as a person, habits, etc.
meaning 9: Nautical . (of a vessel) keeping nearly upright, as in a heavy sea.
ad.
meaning : in a steady way

simple sentence: Painting takes a steady hand and a good eye.
part of speech: 

• steadily     ad.
• steadiness     n.
• oversteadily      ad.
• oversteadiness     n.
• oversteady      a.

straighten      v.     \ˈstrā-tən\

sentence(in the article): Mrs. X bends down, as if about to hold him, then straightens up.

meaning 1: to make (something) straight or to become straight
meaning 2: to make (something) organized or tidy : to put (something) in order
simple sentence: He drooping flowers straightened in the rain.
part of speech: 

• straightener     n.
• overstraighten     v.
• prestraighten     v.
• restraighten     v.
• unstraightened     a.
• well-straightened     a.

ease     \ˈēz\

sentence(in the article): She propels him forward with ease, though he can't be a light load with his sand toys, [and]school stuff....

n.
meaning 1: freedom from pain or trouble : comfort of body or mind
meaning 2: lack of difficulty
meaning 3: a relaxed and informal way of behaving
v.
meaning 1: to free (someone or something) from trouble or worry
meaning 2: to make (something) less painful
meaning 3: to make (tension, a problem, etc.) less severe or troubling

simple sentence: The diplomats failed to ease tensions between the two nations.
part of speech: 

• selfease     n.
• self-easing     a.
• well-eased     a.

vision     \ˈvi-zhən\

sentence(in the article): I walk the remainder of the way well outside his field of stroller vision....

n.
meaning 1: the ability to see : sight or eyesight
meaning 2: something that you imagine : a picture that you see in your mind
meaning 3: something that you see or dream especially as part of a religious or supernatural experience
v.
meaning : to envision

simple sentence:She tried to vision herself in a past century.
part of speech: 

• visionless     a.

throat     \ˈthrōt\

sentence(in the article): I clear my throat. ''He just threw his shoe and I--''

n.
meaning 1: the tube inside the neck that leads to the stomach and lungs
meaning 2: the front part of the neck
v.
meaning 1: to utter in the throat
meaning 2: to sing or enunciate in a throaty voice

simple sentence: My throat was dry so I took a sip of water.