week 6: 2014/04/07 ~ 2014/04/11

week 6: 2014/04/07 ~ 2014/04/11

part 1: unit 6 note - vocabulary strategy: choosing which word to study

When we study vocabulary words, it is important not to study two similar words at the same time. There are four types of similar words we should avoid:

• similar in spelling or sound

       ex: exhort, exhale

• similar in meaning 

       ex: remodel, renovate

• opposites

       ex: spacious, cramped

• belong to a category

       ex: wheat, oats, and barley (grains)

part 2: vocabulary

day 1     4/07

curriculum     n.     /kəˈrikyələm/  

sentence(in the article): It’s hands-on experience and academic curriculum to tie it together. 

meaning: the subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college.
simple sentence: The professor is busy preparing his chemistry curriculum plan.

dedicated     a.     \diːˈfrɒst\

sentence(in the article):  Revolution Foods is a for-profit social venture dedicated to reforming the way people think of school lunch—both what kids buy and what they bring. 

meaning: devoted to a cause or ideal or purpose
simple sentence: A chapel dedicated to the dead of World War II".
part of speech: 

• dedicatedly     ad.

defrost     v.    \ diːˈfrɒst\

sentence(in the article): They have to start work hours before the students even hit the snooze button because these days—unlike the last several decades in the history of school lunches—the cooks do a whole lot more than defrost tater tots and thaw cheese pizza.

meaning 1: to become free of ice or frost
meaning 2:
simple sentence:The refrigerator defrosted quickly.

exhort     v.     \ ɪɡˈzɔt\

sentence(in the article):  A child’s drawing of a friendly octopus, posted on the door to an adjoining office, exhorts “Eat Natural Healthy Food!” And so it is done.

meaning : to urge, advise, or caution earnestly; admonish urgently
simple sentence: We would exhort  readers to add their own voices to the site's reviews.
part of speech: 

• exhorter     n.

follow suit

sentence(in the article): Although other Bay Area school districts are starting to follow suit—San Francisco lets students choose fresh fruit and low-fat vegetable side dishes, Mount Diablo has chucked its deep-fat fryers and Oakland is offering salad bars—Berkeley is still the only district of its size in the nation to completely overhaul its food program.

meaning: to follow the example of another
simple sentence: The girl jumped over the fence, and her playmates followed suit.

day 2     4/08

fossil fuel      n.

sentence(in the article): Cooper says that the food’s origin is just as important as its quality because when foods travel a shorter distance to end up on your plate, they use less fossil fuels in their transportation.

meaning: any combustible organic material, as oil, coal, or natural gas, derived from the remains of former life.
simple sentence: Maybe the fossil fuel  industry is simply too powerful.

made from scratch

sentence(in the article): Today, nearly everything is made from scratch. 

meaning:  making something by starting from the beginning with the basic ingredients.
simple sentence:  We made the cake from scratch, using no prepared ingredients.

organic     a.     \ɔːˈɡænɪk\

sentence(in the article): Besides freshness, Berkeley’s menu also stresses organic, locally grown food.

meaning: constitutional in the structure of something; fundamental; integral
simple sentence: Organic  birds are allowed to roam free and have perches and other chances to exhibit natural behaviour.

part of speech: 

• organically     ad.

overhaul     v.     \ˌō-vər-ˈhȯl\

sentence(in the article): Although other Bay Area school districts are starting to follow suit—San Francisco lets students choose fresh fruit and low-fat vegetable side dishes, Mount Diablo has chucked its deep-fat fryers and Oakland is offering salad bars—Berkeley is still the only district of its size in the nation to completely overhaul its food program.

meaning: to look at every part of (something) and repair or replace the parts that do not work
simple sentence: The mechanic overhauled the car's engine.
part of speech: 

• overhauler     n.

produce     \prə-ˈdüs, prō-, -ˈdyüs\

sentence(in the article): Thirty percent of the food served in the district’s cafeterias is local, and all produce is regionally grown, mostly from the California corridor.

n.
meaning: fresh fruits and vegetables
v.
meaning: to make or create (something) by a natural process

simple sentence: The college has produced some well-known scientists.
part of speech: 

• misproduce     v.

day 3     4/09

remodel     v.     \(ˌ)rē-ˈmä-dəl\

sentence(in the article): Around the spacious, newly remodeled kitchen, others chop hundreds of broccoli florets—the heads will go out to various Berkeley schools for salad, while the stems will be made into soup. 

meaning: to change the structure, shape, or appearance of (something)
simple sentence: We remodeled the kitchen last year.

part of speech: 

• remodeler     n.

spacious     a.     \ˈspā-shəs\

sentence(in the article): Around the spacious, newly remodeled kitchen, others chop hundreds of broccoli florets—the heads will go out to various Berkeley schools for salad, while the stems will be made into soup. 

meaning: having a large amount of space
simple sentence: Almost all of the guests were able to fit into the spacious living room.

part of speech: 

• spaciously     ad.

stock      \ˈstäk\

sentence(in the article): Today, the new King kitchen—opened in August after an $8.7 million renovation—is fully stocked, with pots and pans, ladles and whisks.

n.

meaning: the supply of goods available for sale in a store

v.

meaning: to have a supply of (something) in a store for sale

a.

meaning: regularly used or included with something

simple sentence: Here are the stock patterns you can choose from.

part of speech: 

• stocklike     a.

acre     n.     \ˈā-kər\

sentence(in the article): Studies have shown that an acre of land dedicated to growing plants can produce more than twice as much food as an acre used for raising animals.

meaning: a measure of land area in the U.S. and Britain that equals 4,840 square yards (about 4,047 square meters)
simple sentence: The house sits on two acres of land.

part of speech: 

• half-acre     n.

advocate     \ˈad-və-kət, -ˌkāt\

sentence(in the article): They advocate solutions that do not involve giving up meat altogether, such as creating farming practices that are more humane to animals.

n.

meaning: a person who argues for the cause of another person in a court of law

v.

meaning: to support or argue for (a cause, policy, etc.)

simple sentence: She works as a consumer advocate.

part of speech: 

• advocator     n.

day 4     4/10

cite     v.     \ˈsīt\

sentence(in the article): Vegetarians cite medical studies that establish  connection between a high consumption of red meat and many diseases, such as cancer and heart disease.

meaning: to write or say the words of (a book, author, etc.)
simple sentence: The article cites several experts on the subject.

part of speech: 

• citer     n.

consumption     n.     \kən-ˈsəm(p)-shən\

sentence(in the article): Vegetarians cite medical studies that establish  connection between a high consumption of red meat and many diseases, such as cancer and heart disease.

meaning:  the act of eating or drinking something
simple sentence: The jet's high fuel consumption makes it expensive to operate.

part of speech: 

• nonconsumption     n.

digest     \ˈdī-ˌjest\

sentence(in the article): These cattle are fed corn, which they cannot digest.

n.

meaning: information or a piece of writing that has been made shorter

v.

meaning: to change (food that you have eaten) by a biological process into simpler forms that can be used by the body

simple sentence: He has trouble digesting certain foods.

part of speech: 

• digestedly     ad.

grain     \ˈgrān\

sentence(in the article): By combining meat with beans, vegetables, and grains, people can easily decrease the amount of meat that they eat.

n.

meaning: the seeds of plants (such as wheat, corn, and rice) that are used for food; also : a single seed of wheat, corn, rice, etc.

v.

meaning: to paint in imitation of the grain of wood or stone

simple sentence: The machine grinds grain into flour.

part of speech: 

• grainer     n.

objection     n.      \əb-ˈjek-shən\

sentence(in the article): To deal with the objections about the poor treatment of animals raised for food, many supermarkets now often antibiotic and hormone-free beef from grass-fed cattle and free-range chickens that were given the freedom to wander around.

meaning: a reason for disagreeing with or opposing something : a reason for objecting
simple sentence: My main objection is that some people will have to pay more than others.

part of speech: 

• nonobjection     n.

day 5     4/11

on the defensive

sentence(in the article): Meat is still on the menu,  but it is definitely on the defensive.

meaning: Prepared for withstanding aggression or attack
simple sentence: The debate team's plan was to keep their opponents on the defensive.

reluctantly     ad.     \ri-ˈlək-təntli\

sentence(in the article): Still, many meat eaters reluctantly admit that there are problems
with the meat industry.

meaning: feeling or showing doubt about doing something : not willing or eager to do something
simple sentence: Increasingly, if reluctantly , there seems to be a growing awareness that   nothing in existence stands alone.
part of speech: 

• reluctant     a.

texture     \ˈteks-chər\

sentence(in the article): These painting reveal that throughout history  people have enjoyed the smell, taste, and texture of a roasted chicken or a lamb stew.

n.
meaning: the way that something feels when you touch it
v.
meaning: to give a particular texture to

simple sentence: The plant's leaves are almost leathery in texture.
part of speech: 

• textural     a.

willing     a.      \ˈwi-liŋ\

sentence(in the article): To protect their health and the environment some meat eaters are willing to reduce their consumption of animals.

meaning: quick to act or respond : doing something or ready to do something without being persuaded
simple sentence: He was a willing participant in the crime.
part of speech:

• willingly     ad.

octopus      n.      \ˈäk-tə-pəs, -ˌpu̇s\

sentence(in the article): A child's drawing of a friendly octopus, posted on the door, exhort ''Eat Natural Healthy Food!'' And so it is done.

meaning: a sea animal that has a soft body and eight long arms
simple sentence: The mimic octopus can impersonate lots of underwater creatures, including flatfish.