week 3: 2014/03/17 ~ 2014/03/21
part 1: unit 4 note - etymology
ex(e, ef, ec) : out
ex: emerge(v.), education(v.), exit(v.)
dia : through
ex: diagnosis(n.), diagonal(a.), dialogue(n.)
meter : measure
ex: centimeter(n.), diameter(n.), kilometer(n.)
eco : environment, nature, house
ex: ecosystem(n.), ecology(n.), economic(n.)
sequ(secut) : follow, second
ex: consecutive(a.), persecutor(n.), obsequious(a.)
part 2: vocabulary
day 1 3/17
assume v. \ə-ˈsüm\
sentence(in the article): Scientists assume that at one time a redwood giant reached 400 feet and lived for 4,000 years, but they have yet to find one.
meaning 1: to think that something is true or probably true without knowing that it is true
meaning 2: to begin (a role, duty, etc.) as a job or responsibility
meaning 3: to take or begin to have (power, control, etc.) in a job or situation
simple sentence: I assumed he was coming, so I was surprised when he didn't show up.
part of speech:
meaning 2: to begin (a role, duty, etc.) as a job or responsibility
meaning 3: to take or begin to have (power, control, etc.) in a job or situation
simple sentence: I assumed he was coming, so I was surprised when he didn't show up.
part of speech:
- assumer n.
- overassume v.
- preassume v.
- reassume v.
diameter n. \dī-ˈa-mə-tər\
sentence(in the article): Ancient survivor in a world in which change can happen suddenly, these tall trees survived the fall of a giant meteor that left a hole that was miles wide in diameter and may have killed the last of the dinosaurs.
meaning 1: a straight line from one side of something (such as a circle) to the other side that passes through the center point
meaning 2: the distance through the center of something from one side to the other
simple sentence: The dotted line indicates the diameter of the circle.
meaning 2: the distance through the center of something from one side to the other
simple sentence: The dotted line indicates the diameter of the circle.
ecosystem n. \-ˌsis-təm\
sentence(in the article): Biologists and tree experts keep its exact location a secret in order to protect the ecosystem around the tree.
meaning: everything that exists in a particular environment
simple sentence: Milburn advised publishers to "know your ecosystem ."
simple sentence: Milburn advised publishers to "know your ecosystem ."
emerge v. \i-ˈmərj\
sentence(in the article): The dead places become gardens where new plants emerge.
meaning 1: to become known or apparent
meaning 2: to become known or regarded as something
meaning 3: to rise or appear from a hidden or unknown place or condition : to come out into view
simple sentence: The facts emerged after a lengthy investigation.
part of speech:
meaning 2: to become known or regarded as something
meaning 3: to rise or appear from a hidden or unknown place or condition : to come out into view
simple sentence: The facts emerged after a lengthy investigation.
part of speech:
- reemerge v.
- unemerged a.
frontier n. \ˌfrən-ˈtir, ˈfrən-ˌ, frän-ˈ, ˈfrän-ˌ\
sentence(in the article): The area where they start, called the crown, is a new frontier for scientists.
meaning 1: a border between two countries
meaning 2: a distant area where few people live
meaning 3: the limits of knowledge in a particular field
simple sentence: the frontier between Canada and the U.S.
meaning 2: a distant area where few people live
meaning 3: the limits of knowledge in a particular field
simple sentence: the frontier between Canada and the U.S.
day 2 3/18
giant \ˈjī-ənt\
sentence(in the article): Ancient survivor in a world in which change can happen suddenly, these tall trees survived the fall of a giant meteor that left a hole that was miles wide in diameter and may have killed the last of the dinosaurs.
n.
meaning 1: a legendary creature usually thought of as being an extremely large and powerful person
meaning 2: a person or thing that is very large, powerful, or successful
a.
meaning 1: very large
meaning 2: much larger or more powerful than normal
simple sentence: The giant sycamore tree that dwarfs our house is almost 250 years old.
part of speech:
- giantlike a.
n.
meaning 1: a legendary creature usually thought of as being an extremely large and powerful person
meaning 2: a person or thing that is very large, powerful, or successful
a.
meaning 1: very large
meaning 2: much larger or more powerful than normal
part of speech:
- giantlike a.
limb \ˈlim\
sentence(in the article): Now, mountain climbing techniques and tools allow then to climb into the trees to study the various species of plant and animal life that make their homes on the trees' limbs.
n.
meaning 1: a part or member of an animal body distinct from the head and trunk
meaning 2: a large or main branch of a tree.
meaning 3: a projecting part or member
meaning 4: a person or thing regarded as a part, member, branch, offshoot, or scion of something
meaning 5: Archery. the upper or lower part of a bow.
meaning 6: Informal. a mischievous child, imp, or young scamp.
meaning 7: Astronomy . the edge of the disk of the sun, a moon, or a planet.
meaning 8: the graduated edge of a quadrant or similar instrument.
meaning 9:Botany .
- the upper spreading part of a gamopetalous corolla.
- the expanded portion of a petal, sepal, or leaf.
v.
meaning : to cut the limbs from (a felled tree)
simple sentence: Others have described every charred and dismembered limb .
n.
meaning 1: a part or member of an animal body distinct from the head and trunk
meaning 2: a large or main branch of a tree.
meaning 3: a projecting part or member
meaning 4: a person or thing regarded as a part, member, branch, offshoot, or scion of something
meaning 5: Archery. the upper or lower part of a bow.
meaning 6: Informal. a mischievous child, imp, or young scamp.
meaning 7: Astronomy . the edge of the disk of the sun, a moon, or a planet.
meaning 8: the graduated edge of a quadrant or similar instrument.
meaning 9:Botany .
- the upper spreading part of a gamopetalous corolla.
- the expanded portion of a petal, sepal, or leaf.
v.
meaning : to cut the limbs from (a felled tree)manage \ˈma-nij\
sentence(in the article): Scientists are just beginning to understand why these remarkable trees have managed to survive for so long and grow so tall.
n.
meaning 1:
- archaic : the action and paces of a trained riding horse
- the schooling or handling of a horse
- a riding school
meaning 2: obsolete : management
v.
meaning 1: to have control of (something, such as a business, department, sports team, etc.)
meaning 2: to take care of and make decisions about (someone's time, money, etc.)
meaning 3: to direct the professional career of (someone, such as an entertainer or athlete)
meaning 4: to conduct the management of <poorly managed diabetes>
simple sentence: The business is managed by the owner's daughter.
part of speech:
- overmanage v.
- quasi-managed a.
- self-managing a.
- undermanage v.
- undermanaged a.
n.
meaning 1: - archaic : the action and paces of a trained riding horse
- the schooling or handling of a horse
- a riding school
meaning 2: obsolete : management
v.
meaning 1: to have control of (something, such as a business, department, sports team, etc.)
meaning 2: to take care of and make decisions about (someone's time, money, etc.)
meaning 3: to direct the professional career of (someone, such as an entertainer or athlete)
meaning 4: to conduct the management of <poorly managed diabetes>
part of speech:
- overmanage v.
- quasi-managed a.
- self-managing a.
- undermanage v.
- undermanaged a.
penetrate v. \ˈpe-nə-ˌtrāt\
sentence(in the article): The dead branch is still part of the tree, but as it rots, insects and other plants penetrate the dead wood and complete the process of creating a soil-like environment full of minerals.
meaning 1: to go through or into something
meaning 2: to see or show the way through (something)
meaning 3: to succeed in becoming part of (an organization, a community, etc.)
simple sentence: The roots of these plants have been known to penetrate to a depth of more than 15 feet.
part of speech:
meaning 2: to see or show the way through (something)
meaning 3: to succeed in becoming part of (an organization, a community, etc.)
simple sentence: The roots of these plants have been known to penetrate to a depth of more than 15 feet.
part of speech:
- penetrator n.
- prepenetrate v.
- unpenetrated a.
rot \ˈrät\
sentence(in the article): The dead branch is still part of the tree, but as it rots, insects and other plants penetrate the dead wood and complete the process of creating a soil-like environment full of minerals.
n.
meaning 1: the process of rotting or the condition that results when something rots
meaning 2: foolish words or ideas
v.
meaning: to slowly decay or cause (something) to decay
simple sentence: Eating too much candy can rot your teeth.
part of speech:
meaning 1: the process of rotting or the condition that results when something rots
meaning 2: foolish words or ideas
v.
meaning: to slowly decay or cause (something) to decay
simple sentence: Eating too much candy can rot your teeth.
part of speech:
- half-rotted a.
- unrotted a.
day 3 3/19
alert \ə-ˈlərt\
sentence(in the article): For the first time since the move, I felt alive, alert to the forest around me and the movements of the horse.
n.
meaning 1: something (such as a message or loud sound) that tells people there is some danger or problem
meaning 2: the state of being ready for something you have been warned about (such as an attack)
v.
meaning 1: to give (someone) important information about a possible problem, danger, etc. : to warn (someone)
meaning 2: to make (someone) aware of something
a.
meaning: able to think clearly and to notice things
simple sentence: He was tired and had trouble staying alert while he was driving.
part of speech:
- alertly ad.
- alertness n.
- hyperalert a.
- unalerted a.
n.
meaning 1: something (such as a message or loud sound) that tells people there is some danger or problem
meaning 2: the state of being ready for something you have been warned about (such as an attack)
v.
meaning 1: to give (someone) important information about a possible problem, danger, etc. : to warn (someone)
meaning 2: to make (someone) aware of something
a.
meaning: able to think clearly and to notice things
part of speech:
- alertly ad.
- alertness n.
- hyperalert a.
- unalerted a.
bush \ˈbu̇sh\
sentence(in the article): I was beginning to wish I had stayed hone with my book when a gap opened up between some bushes.
n.
meaning 1: a low plant with many branches that arise from or near the ground.
meaning 2: a small cluster of shrubs appearing as a single plant.
meaning 3: something resembling or suggesting this, as a thick, shaggy head of hair.
meaning 4: Also called bush lot. Canadian. a small, wooded lot, especially a farm lot with trees left standing to provide firewood, fence posts, etc.
meaning 5: the tail of a fox; brush.
meaning 6: Geography . a stretch of uncultivated land covered with mixed plant growth, bushy vegetation, trees, etc.
meaning 7: a large uncleared area thickly covered with mixed plant growth, trees, etc., as a jungle.
meaning 8: a large, sparsely populated area most of which is uncleared, as areas of Australia and Alaska.
meaning 9: a tree branch hung as a sign before a tavern or vintner's shop.
meaning 10: any tavern sign.
meaning 11: Slang: Vulgar. pubic hair.
meaning 12: Archaic. a wineshop.
v.
meaning 1: to be or become bushy; branch or spread as or like a bush.
verb (used with object)
meaning 2: o cover, protect, support, or mark with a bush or bushes.
a.
meaning: falling below acceptable standards
simple sentence: Picking the bush baby totem, for example, creates fast, nimble characters.
part of speech:
- bushless a.
- bushlike a.
n.
meaning 2: a small cluster of shrubs appearing as a single plant.
meaning 3: something resembling or suggesting this, as a thick, shaggy head of hair.
meaning 4: Also called bush lot. Canadian. a small, wooded lot, especially a farm lot with trees left standing to provide firewood, fence posts, etc.
meaning 5: the tail of a fox; brush.
meaning 6: Geography . a stretch of uncultivated land covered with mixed plant growth, bushy vegetation, trees, etc.
meaning 7: a large uncleared area thickly covered with mixed plant growth, trees, etc., as a jungle.
meaning 8: a large, sparsely populated area most of which is uncleared, as areas of Australia and Alaska.
meaning 9: a tree branch hung as a sign before a tavern or vintner's shop.
meaning 10: any tavern sign.
meaning 11: Slang: Vulgar. pubic hair.
meaning 12: Archaic. a wineshop.
v.
meaning 1: to be or become bushy; branch or spread as or like a bush.verb (used with object)
meaning 2: o cover, protect, support, or mark with a bush or bushes.
a.
meaning: falling below acceptable standards
part of speech:
- bushless a.
- bushlike a.
cylinder n. \ˈsi-lən-dər\
sentence(in the article): The trunk was a thick cylinder that grew straight up for about 20 feet and then sent out broad limbs that reached to the edge of the clearing.
meaning 1:
- the surface traced by a straight line moving parallel to a fixed straight line and intersecting a fixed planar closed curve
- a solid or surface bounded by a cylinder and two parallel planes cutting all its elements; especially : right circular cylinder
meaning 2: a cylindrical body or space: as
- the turning chambered breech of a revolver
- (1) : the piston chamber in an engine (2) : a chamber in a pump from which the piston expels the fluid
- any of various rotating members in a press (as a printing press); especially : one that impresses paper on an inked form
- a cylindrical clay object inscribed with cuneiform inscriptions
simple sentence: The axis- cylinder processes of its cells form the motor root of the trigeminal nerve.
part of speech:
- cylinderlike a.
- the surface traced by a straight line moving parallel to a fixed straight line and intersecting a fixed planar closed curve
- a solid or surface bounded by a cylinder and two parallel planes cutting all its elements; especially : right circular cylinder
meaning 2: a cylindrical body or space: as
- the turning chambered breech of a revolver
- (1) : the piston chamber in an engine (2) : a chamber in a pump from which the piston expels the fluid
- any of various rotating members in a press (as a printing press); especially : one that impresses paper on an inked form
- a cylindrical clay object inscribed with cuneiform inscriptions
simple sentence: The axis- cylinder processes of its cells form the motor root of the trigeminal nerve.
part of speech:
- cylinderlike a.
desperately ad. \ˈdes-p(ə-)rət-lē, -pərt-\
sentence(in the article): Desperately, I grabbed at it and tried to hang on, but her weight ripped it out of my hand.
meaning 1: in a desperate manner <struggling desperately>
meaning 2: extremely, terribly <desperately tired> <desperately important>
simple sentence: All of a sudden everything went desperately wrong.
meaning 2: extremely, terribly <desperately tired> <desperately important>
simple sentence: All of a sudden everything went desperately wrong.foliage n. \ˈfō-lē-ij\
sentence(in the article): Branches were hitting me in the face leaving bits of foliage in my hair.
meaning 1: a representation of leaves, flowers, and branches for architectural ornamentation
meaning 2: the aggregate of leaves of one or more plants
meaning 3: a cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches
simple sentence: Leaves tumble into low spots, filling earthy troughs with foliage .
part of speech:
- foliaged a.
- unfoliaged a.
sentence(in the article): Branches were hitting me in the face leaving bits of foliage in my hair.
meaning 1: a representation of leaves, flowers, and branches for architectural ornamentation
meaning 2: the aggregate of leaves of one or more plants
meaning 3: a cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches
simple sentence: Leaves tumble into low spots, filling earthy troughs with foliage .
part of speech:
- foliaged a.
- unfoliaged a.
day 4 3/20
gap \ˈgap\
sentence(in the article): I was beginning to wish I had stayed hone with my book when a gap opened up between some bushes.
n.
meaning 1: a space between two people or things
meaning 2: a hole or space where something is missing
meaning 3: a missing part
meaning 4: (medical) a break in continuity especially of structure : hiatus
v.
meaning 1: to make an opening in
meaning 2: to adjust the space between the electrodes of (a spark plug)
meaning 3: to fall or stand open
simple sentence: The child had a gap between her two front teeth.
n.
meaning 1: a space between two people or things
meaning 2: a hole or space where something is missing
meaning 3: a missing part
meaning 4: (medical) a break in continuity especially of structure : hiatus
v.
meaning 1: to make an opening in
meaning 2: to adjust the space between the electrodes of (a spark plug)
meaning 3: to fall or stand open
grab \ˈgrab\
sentence(in the article): Rhonda grabbed one of the lower branches and swung herself into the tree.
n.
meaning 1: a quick attempt to take or get something
meaning 2: the act of taking something in a forceful or illegal way
v.
meaning 1: to quickly take and hold (someone or something) with your hand or arms
meaning 2: to take or get (something) in a quick and informal way
meaning 3: to get the attention or interest of (someone or something)
a.
meaning 1: intended to be grabbed <a grab rail>
meaning 2: taken at random <grab samples of rocks>
simple sentence: I have to go back in the house and grab my car keys.
part of speech:
- grabbable a.
- ungrabing a.
n.
meaning 1: a quick attempt to take or get something
meaning 2: the act of taking something in a forceful or illegal way
v.
meaning 1: to quickly take and hold (someone or something) with your hand or arms
meaning 2: to take or get (something) in a quick and informal way
meaning 3: to get the attention or interest of (someone or something)
a.
meaning 1: intended to be grabbed <a grab rail>
meaning 2: taken at random <grab samples of rocks>
part of speech:
- grabbable a.
- ungrabing a.
gravity n. \ˈgra-və-tē\
sentence(in the article): There was a crash and then another as gravity pulled her to Earth, her blonde head bouncing as her body hit tree limb after tree limb on the way down.
meaning 1: a very serious quality or condition
meaning 2: the condition of being grave or serious
meaning 3: the natural force that tends to cause physical things to move towards each other
meaning 4: the force that causes things to fall towards the Earth
simple sentence: The hospital waiting room was filled with the kind of gravity that inevitably accompanies worry.
part of speech:
- nongravity n.
meaning 2: the condition of being grave or serious
meaning 3: the natural force that tends to cause physical things to move towards each other
meaning 4: the force that causes things to fall towards the Earth
simple sentence: The hospital waiting room was filled with the kind of gravity that inevitably accompanies worry.
part of speech:
- nongravity n.
layer \ˈlā-ər, ˈler\
sentence(in the article): The pine was smaller, but it had layers of branches radiating out from the trunk.
n.
meaning 1: an amount of something that is spread over an area
meaning 2: a covering piece of material or a part that lies over or under another
meaning 3: a bird that lays eggs
v.
meaning 1: to form or arrange parts or pieces of something on top of each other :
meaning 2: to form or arrange (something) in layers
simple sentence: Everything was covered by a thin layer of sand.
part of speech:
- layerable a.
- interlayer n./v.
- nonlayered a.
n.
meaning 1: an amount of something that is spread over an area
meaning 2: a covering piece of material or a part that lies over or under another
meaning 3: a bird that lays eggs
v.
meaning 1: to form or arrange parts or pieces of something on top of each other :
meaning 2: to form or arrange (something) in layers
part of speech:
- layerable a.
- interlayer n./v.
- nonlayered a.
lean \ˈlēn\
sentence(in the article): I leaned way back on Gunther and managed not to slide off.
n.
meaning 1: the act or an instance of leaning : inclination
meaning 2: the part of meat that consists principally of lean muscle
v.
meaning 1:
- to incline, deviate, or bend from a vertical position
- to cast one's weight to one side for support
meaning 2: to rely for support or inspiration
meaning 3: to incline in opinion, taste, or desire <leaning toward a career in chemistry>
meaning 4: to make lean
a.
meaning 1: not having much fat on the body : physically thin, strong, and healthy
meaning 2: containing little or no fat
meaning 3: not having or producing much money, food, etc.
simple sentence: All of the marathoners are extremely lean.
part of speech:
- leanly ad.
- leanness n.
n.
meaning 1: the act or an instance of leaning : inclinationmeaning 2: the part of meat that consists principally of lean muscle
v.
meaning 1: - to incline, deviate, or bend from a vertical position
- to cast one's weight to one side for support
meaning 2: to rely for support or inspiration
meaning 3: to incline in opinion, taste, or desire <leaning toward a career in chemistry>
meaning 4: to make lean
a.
meaning 1: not having much fat on the body : physically thin, strong, and healthy
meaning 2: containing little or no fat
meaning 3: not having or producing much money, food, etc.
part of speech:
- leanly ad.
- leanness n.
day 5 3/21
leap \ˈlēp\
sentence(in the article): I saw a frog leaped from one rock to another.
n.
meaning 1: a long or high jump
meaning 2: the distance that a person or animal jumps
meaning 3: a great and sudden change, increase, or improvement
v.
meaning 1: to jump from a surface
meaning 2: to jump over (something)
meaning 3: to move quickly
simple sentence: She made a graceful leap into the air.
part of speech:
meaning 1: a long or high jump
meaning 2: the distance that a person or animal jumps
meaning 3: a great and sudden change, increase, or improvement
v.
meaning 1: to jump from a surface
meaning 2: to jump over (something)
meaning 3: to move quickly
simple sentence: She made a graceful leap into the air.
part of speech:
- leaper n.
shrug \ˈshrəg\
sentence(in the article): When I pointed out that we couldn't get to the branches, she shrugged.
n.
meaning 1: an act of shrugging
meaning 2: a woman's small waist-length or shorter jacket
v.
meaning: to raise and lower your shoulders usually to show that you do not know or care about something
simple sentence: I asked if he wanted to go out to dinner, and he just shrugged.
part of speech:
meaning 1: an act of shrugging
meaning 2: a woman's small waist-length or shorter jacket
v.
meaning: to raise and lower your shoulders usually to show that you do not know or care about something
simple sentence: I asked if he wanted to go out to dinner, and he just shrugged.
part of speech:
- unshrugging a.
swing \ˈswiŋ\
sentence(in the article): Rhonda grabbed one of the lower branches and swung herself into the tree.
n.
meaning 1: an act of moving something with a quick, sweeping motion : an act of swinging a bat, fist, etc.
meaning 2: the movement of something that swings backward and forward or from side to side
meaning 3: a usually sudden change from one state or condition to another
v.
meaning 1: to move backward and forward or from side to side while hanging from something
meaning 2: to move with a smooth, curving motion
meaning 3: to move (your arm, a tool, etc.) with a quick, curving motion especially to try to hit something
a.
meaning 1: of or relating to the style of jazz music called swing
meaning 2: not certain to vote for a particular candidate or party in an election and therefore often able to decide the result of the election
simple sentence: The sheets swung on the clothesline.
part of speech:
meaning 1: an act of moving something with a quick, sweeping motion : an act of swinging a bat, fist, etc.
meaning 2: the movement of something that swings backward and forward or from side to side
meaning 3: a usually sudden change from one state or condition to another
v.
meaning 1: to move backward and forward or from side to side while hanging from something
meaning 2: to move with a smooth, curving motion
meaning 3: to move (your arm, a tool, etc.) with a quick, curving motion especially to try to hit something
a.
meaning 1: of or relating to the style of jazz music called swing
meaning 2: not certain to vote for a particular candidate or party in an election and therefore often able to decide the result of the election
simple sentence: The sheets swung on the clothesline.
part of speech:
- swingable a.
tangle \ˈtaŋ-gəl\
sentence(in the article): Then she disappeared in a tangle of branches.
n.
meaning 1: a tangled condition or situation.
meaning 2: a tangled or confused mass or assemblage of something.
meaning 3: a confused jumble: a tangle of contradictory statements.
meaning 4:Informal. a conflict; disagreement
v.
meaning 1: to bring together into a mass of confusedly interlaced or intertwisted threads, strands, or other like parts; snarl.
meaning 2: to involve in something that hampers, obstructs, or overgrows
meaning 3: to catch and hold in or as if in a net or snare.
meaning 4: to be or become tangled.
meaning 5: Informal. to come into conflict; fight or argue
simple sentence: The bushes were tangled with vines.
part of speech:
meaning 1: a tangled condition or situation.
meaning 2: a tangled or confused mass or assemblage of something.
meaning 3: a confused jumble: a tangle of contradictory statements.
meaning 4:Informal. a conflict; disagreement
v.
meaning 1: to bring together into a mass of confusedly interlaced or intertwisted threads, strands, or other like parts; snarl.
meaning 2: to involve in something that hampers, obstructs, or overgrows
meaning 3: to catch and hold in or as if in a net or snare.
meaning 4: to be or become tangled.
meaning 5: Informal. to come into conflict; fight or argue
simple sentence: The bushes were tangled with vines.
part of speech:
- tanglement n.
- tangler n.
- tangly ad.
work (one's) way
sentence(in the article): She turned and worked her way down the branch toward the white birch.
meaning: Exert oneself to proceed in a particular direction; also, finance a project by working. For example, The painters are working their way from the top floor to the basement , or I'm trying to work my way into the publishing world , or She's working her way through college . [Second half of 1800s]
simple sentence: "We know, Mr. Weller--we, who are men of the world--that a good uniform must work its way with the women, sooner or later." ---Charles Dickens
simple sentence: "We know, Mr. Weller--we, who are men of the world--that a good uniform must work its way with the women, sooner or later." ---Charles Dickens
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